Sulfuric acid.tetrahydrate

Zhang, R., J. T. Jayne, and M. J. Molina, Heterogeneous Interactions of C10N02 and HC1 with Sulfuric Acid Tetrahydrate Implications for the Stratosphere, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 867-874... 

Sulfuric acid tetrahydrate (SAT) also ultimately freezes out of these ternary solutions (Molina et al., 1993 Iraci et al., 1995). At higher temperatures found at higher altitudes in the middle and low latitudes, sulfuric acid monohydrate (SAM) may also be stable (Zhang et al., 1995). 

FIGURE 12.22 Composition of liquid in equilibrium with sulfuric acid tetrahydrate (SAT) as the temperature is lowered and SAT deliquesces in the presence of 5 ppm water vapor and 10 ppb HNO, at 50 m bar altitude (adapted from Koop and Carslaw, 1996). 

From DeMore et al. (1997) and Ravishankara and Hanson (1996) and references therein. h NAT = nitric acid trihydrate (solid) SAT = sulfuric acid tetrahydrate (solid). 

Martin, S. T., D. Salcedo, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina, Deliquescence of Sulfuric Acid Tetrahydrate Following Volcanic Eruptions or Denitrification, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 31-34 (1998). 

Tables on the "reaction probalility or "uptake coefficient" have been summarized for various heterogeneous reactions in a recent review article [87], and by the IUPAC [88] and NASA-JPL [86] evaluation teams. For the purpose of this article, a rough comparison is made of the uptake rates for the reactions (1) to (5) on the different type surfaces. Three major type of surfaces have been considered a) NAT, or Type I PSC, b) Water ice, or Type II PSC and c) sulfuric acid aerosol, which is normally a liquid surface generally composed of 60-80 wt % H,S04 and 40-20 wt % H,0 also considered is the solid form SAT (sulfuric acid tetrahydrate) with a composition of 57.5 wt % H,S04. The importance of chlorine activation on sulfuric acid solutions has been demonstrated in a recent article [89]. Halogen activation on seasalt material will shortly be reviewed as part of the tropospheric processes.

Sulfuric acid, dihydrate (iI S0 -2H20) Sulfuric acid, trihydrate (ilgSO -SH O) Sulfuric acid, tetrahydrate (ll2S0 "4H20)... 

Sulfuric acid tetrahydrate H2S04-4 H20 (SAT) small solid crystals T < 213 K weak... 

Sulfuric acid tetrahydrate(SAT) H2SO44H2O Fine solid crystals <1 T<213... 

Solid ice Solid NAT nitrogen trihydrate Solid SAT sulfuric acid tetrahydrate Liquid SSA stratospheric sulfate aerosols Liquid STS supercooled ternary solution... 

Sassen, K. Peter, T. Luo, B.P. Cmtzen, P.J., 1994 Volcanic Bishop s Ring Evidence for a Sulfuric Acid Tetrahydrate Particle Aerosol , in Applied Optics, 33 4602 606. 

---