Alpha state

A term applied to iron in the alpha state (aFe) containing approximately 0.2% carbon together with other elements in solid solution. 

Alpha Packaging manufactures NatureWorks PLA bottles on stretch blow-moulding machines. Alpha states that PLA is ideal for oil-based products, as well as products with flavour and aroma attributes. The PLA resin is FDA-approved and suitable for food contact. It is used for dairy, juice and water bottles, as well as trays for deli meats, salads and single-serve meals. 

The UIIF wnive fimction can also apply to singlet molecules. F sn-ally, the results are the same as for the faster RHF method. That is, electron s prefer to pair, with an alpha electron sh arin g a m olecu lar space orbital with a beta electron. L se the L lIF method for singlet states only to avoid potential energy discontinuities when a covalent bond Is broken and electron s can impair (see Bond Breaking on page 46). 

Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron) This member of the 5f transition elements (actinide series) was discovered in March 1961 by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A.E. Larsh, and R.M. Latimer. A 3-Mg californium target, consisting of a mixture of isotopes of mass number 249, 250, 251, and 252, was bombarded with either lOB or IIB. The electrically charged transmutation nuclei recoiled with an atmosphere of helium and were collected on a thin copper conveyor tape which was then moved to place collected atoms in front of a series of solid-state detectors. The isotope of element 103 produced in this way decayed by emitting an 8.6 MeV alpha particle with a half-life of 8 s. 

To use HyperChem for calculations, you specify the total molecular charge and spin multiplicity (see Charge, Spin, and Excited State on page 119). The calculation selects the appropriate many-electron wave function with the correct number of alpha or beta electrons. You don t need to specify the spin function of each orbital. 

The two equations couple because the alpha Fock matrix depends on both the alpha and the beta solutions, C and cP (and sim ilarly for the beta Fock matrix). The self-consistent dependence of the Fock matrix on molecular orbital coefficients is best represen ted, as before, via the den sity matrices an d pP, wh ich essen -tially state the probability of describing an electron of alpha spin, and the probability of finding one of beta spin ... 

Emission of an alpha or beta particle often produces an isotope in an unstable, high-energy state. This excess energy is released as a gamma ray, y, or an X-ray. Gamma ray and X-ray emission may also occur without the release of alpha or beta particles. 

Alpha Therapeutics United States, commercial 1800 Los Angeles... 

As the temperature approaches the NTC zone, the reversibility of reaction 2 comes into play and the steady-state concentration of alkyl radicals rises. There is a competing irreversible reaction of oxygen with radicals containing an alpha hydrogen which produces a conjugate olefin (eq. 23). 

Upon exposure to uv light, ground-state benzophenone is excited to the ttiplet state (a diradical) which abstracts an alpha H atom from the alcohol, resulting in the formation of two separate initiating radicals. With amine H atom donors, an electron transfer may precede the H-transfer, as in ttiplet exciplex formation between benzophenone and amine (eq. 43) ... 

Specialty sulfonic acid-based surfactants make up a rather large portion of surfactant production in the United States. Approximately 136,000 metric tons of specialty sulfonic acid-based surfactants were produced in 1992, which included alpha-olefin sulfonates, sulfobetaines, sulfosuccinates, and alkyl diphenyl ether disulfonates (64). These materials found use in the areas of household cleaning products, cosmetics (qv), toiletries, emulsion polymerization, and agricultural chemical manufacture. 

Oligomerization of Ethylene. 1-Butene is a small by-product in the production of linear alpha-olefins by oligomerisation of ethylene. Linear alpha-olefins have one double bond at the terminal position and comprise the homologous series of compounds with carbon atoms between 4 and 19. The primary use of alpha-olefins is in the detergent industry. About 245,000 t/yr of 1-butene was produced for chemical use in the Gulf Coast of the United States in 1988 (72). 

Table 3. Steady-State Creep for Alpha-Silicon Carbides...

Chemical Designations - Synonyms alpha-Decene Chemical Formula CH2=CH(CH2),CH3. Observable Characteristics - Physical State (as normally shipped) Liquid Color Colorless Odor Mild, pleasant. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms-. 2,6-Dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-trifluoromethylaniline 2,6-Dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-alpha, alpha-trifluoro-p-toluidine N,N-Dipropyl-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoro-methylamline Treflan alpha, alpha-Trifluoro-2,6-diiiitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine Chendad Formula-. Ci3H, 3N304 Observable Characteristics - Physical State (as normally shipped)-. Solid Color. Yellow-orange Odor. Data not available. 

The measures of solid state reactivity to be described include experiments on solid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-solid chemical reaction, solid-solid structural transitions, and hot pressing-sintering in the solid state. These conditions are achieved in catalytic activity measurements of rutile and zinc oxide, in studies of the dissolution of silicon nitride and rutile, the reaction of lead oxide and zirconia to form lead zirconate, the monoclinic to tetragonal transformation in zirconia, the theta-to-alpha transformation in alumina, and the hot pressing of aluminum nitride and aluminum oxide. 

Examples from preparative chemistry indicate the possible occurrence of special alpha-e ects in several other cases. The different reaction of 2- and 4-ethoxy quinolines with a thiol yielding carbostyril and a 4-arylthio derivative, respectively, may indicate the intervention of structures such as 17 in the transition state of the 2-isomer. 

The rate of reaction of a series of nucleophiles with a single substrate is related to the basicity when the nucleophilic atom is the same and the nucleophiles are closely related in chemical type. Thus, although the rates parallel the basicities of anilines (Tables VII and VIII) as a class and of pyridine bases (Tables VII and VIII) as a class, the less basic anilines are much more reactive. This difference in reactivity is based on a lower energy of activation as is the reactivity sequence piperidine > ammonia > aniline. Further relationships among the nucleophiles found in this work are morpholine vs. piperidine (Table III) methoxide vs. 4-nitrophenoxide (Table II) and alkoxides vs. piperidine (Tables II, III, and VIII). Hydrogen bonding in the transition state and acid catalysis increase the rates of reaction of anilines. Reaction rates of the pyridine bases are decreased by steric hindrance between their alpha hydrogens and the substituents or... 

---