Alkylphenol higher

With Phenols. The 2-hydroxylethyl aryl ethers are prepared from the reaction of ethylene oxide with phenols at elevated temperatures and pressures (78,79). 2-Phenoxyethyl alcohol is a perfume fixative. The water-soluble alkylphenol ethers of the higher poly(ethylene glycol)s are important surface-active agents. They are made by adding ethylene oxide to the alkylphenol at ca 200°C and 200—250 kPa (>2 atm), using sodium acetate or... 

A solution of a surfactant mixture in liquid paraffin, containing oil-soluble oxyethylated alkylphenol, having the formula with an Cg to C12 alkyl rest, the alkylphosphate of a higher fatty acid alcohol (RO)2PO — OH where R is Cio to C20, and a fatty acid amide of diethanolamine, are suitable for removing oils... 

Figure 1.7.10 shows that the chlorophenol solubilities behave similarly to other chemical series with slopes of about 0.62 log units per 20.9 cm3/mol, which is the volume difference resulting from substitution by one chlorine. The result is a factor of 100 62 or 4.2 drop in solubility per chlorine. The alkylphenols have a lower slope of about 0.5 per CH2 and usually have higher solubilities at the same molar volume. The two sets of data are, however, generally similar. 

The vapor pressure data in Figure 1.7.11 show a slope of about 0.60 log units per 20.9 cm3/mol (i.e., a factor or 4.0) per chlorine. There is a lower slope for the alkylphenols, and they usually have higher vapor pressures, especially for the larger molecules. 

Bennett and Larter (1997) also studied the solvation of alkylphenols in crude oil-water systems at equilibrium to obtain partitioning coefficients under variable temperature, pressure, and water salinity concentration. Alkylphenol depletion from crude oil, expressed by phenol, cresols, and 3,5 dimethyl phenol, versus temperature in a range of 25-125°C, is given in terms of partition coefficient (P) values (Fig. 16.22). Partition coefficient values increase with addition of alkyl groups to the phenol nucleus. Note that the alkylphenol partition coefficient curves for different isomers tend to converge at higher temperatures and, as a consequence, differences between phenol and p-cresol decrease with increases in temperature. Similar results for oil-deionised water and oil-brine experiments show that increasing temperature leads to a decrease in partition coefficient values. 

A mixture of nonionic surfactants, consisting of a capped alkylphenol ethoxylate or an ethoxylated higher aliphatic alcohol... 

In France, however, there was no vertical integration between the great national chemical industry and the surfactant sector. Producers of the latter had to find the necessary feedstock—whether ethylene oxide, alkylphenols, fatty acids or higher alcohols— from rival companies, while for instance a medium-sized company like Berol Chemie in Sweden, recently acquired by Nobel Industries, had its own source of ethylene oxide, amines and nonylphenol in Stenungsund to feed its surfactants division. 

Catechol and its derivatives and alkylphenols were very abundant in the fourth step due to the decomposition of the primary phenols by demethylation reactions which require a higher dissociation energy (about 356-414 kJ/mole) than the p-arylether bonds, Ceylan and Bredenberg have shown that 29-40% of guaiacol could be transformed into catechol after 2 h of pyrolysis at 305-345 C. Similarly, 4-ethylguaiacol has been shown to transform to 4-ethylguaiacol by pyrolysis . 

As already indicated in Scheme 2, fragmentation of ionized phenol and its simple derivatives is quite complex, certainly more complex than that of higher alkylphenols under El-MS conditions. Therefore, the gas-phase ion chemistry of simple phenolic cations is of major importance for a sound understanding of mass spectrometry of phenols. A... 

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