Alkyl quaternary ammonium salts

A common group of cationic antistats is alkyl quaternary ammonium salts. These are mostly employed in polar substrates such as PVC and in styrenic polymers. Other types include alkyl phosphonium and alkyl sulfonium salts. Flexible PVC may contain up to 7% of these antistatics for nonfood uses, as they have not been approved by the FDA. Sodium alkyl sulfonates, similar to common detergents, have gained wide acceptance as anionic antistatic agents, and are used in PVC and styrenic polymers. Other anionic antistats include alkyl phosphonic, dithiocarba-mic, and carboxylic acids. 

ABSTRACT The seam water injection is one of the coal dust prevention measures. However, due to the hydrophobic coal, the wetting effect of clean water is not ideal. By adding manner of the single surfactant and the two surfactants mixed in the water, the surface tension of the solution and the contact angle of 3 groups of coal samples were measured in this article. The experimental results show that two formulations, Pj Fatty alcohol amide with Alkyl quaternary ammonium salt ratio of 2 1 P JFC with Triton X-100 at a ratio of 1 1. 

According to the measurement of the wetting time of the prepared solution, the test surfactant is finally selected to the JFC, fatty alcohol amides, alkyl quaternary ammonium salt and Triton X-100 solution, which is in the ratio of the content of active agent and CaCl is 1 9. Prepare of the salt solution of a concentration of 0.8% of the active... 

According to Table 1, the surface tension and contact angle of Fatty alcohol amide and Alkyl quaternary ammonium salts complex solution and JFC and Triton X-100 complex solution are less, it is necessary further study these detailed formula. 

According to Table 3,1) amide of fatty alcohols and alkyl quaternary ammonium salt ratio of 2 1, surface tension when compared with 1 1 is slightly higher, but the effect of the contact Angle of three kinds of coal sample decreased, better effect than 4 1 and for the most appropriate ratio formula is amide of fatty alcohols and alkyl quaternary ammonium salt ratio of 2 1. 2) For JFC and Triton X-100 in addition to the 1 1 ratio, the surface tension of the solution are rising with other proportion. The contact Angle of different coal sample has the tendency of increase, with the rest of the proportion is not suitable for carrying out the test. 3) The compound formula was finally determined ... 

Selected four kinds of surfactants on single surfactant measurement, it can be seen that the contact Angle is smaller in the relatively high concentrations of surfactant In the low concentration of the contact Angle is bigger. Thus, it is necessary to do the two surfactant test. Comparison by the surface tension and contact angle, the optimal formula are Pj, Pj. Pji The surface tension is 22.70 dy/cm, when the ratio of amide of fatty alcohols and alkyl quaternary ammonium salt is 2 1 Pji The surface tension is 23.51 dy/cm, when the ratio of JFC and Triton X-100 are 1 1. For Pj, Pj, according to the choice of different coal condition such as the critical surface tension of the specific analysis. 

Fine glass beads are made free-flowing by treating the surface with a mixture of aqueous colloidal silica and a long-chain alkyl quaternary ammonium salt along with isopropyl alcohol (611). 

Yao et al. were granted related patents on alkaline polymers containing alkyl quaternary ammonium salts, nitrogen containing heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts, and metal hydroxide salts for potential applications in alkaline batteries and fuel cells [93-95]. 

In 1994, Kawara and Taguchi reported on the apphca-tion of the chiral alkyl quaternary ammonium salt derived from Z>-prohne in the asymmetric Michael addition of malonate to cychc enone. The enone moiety was activated via electrophilic iminium ion formation. The results indicated that the facial selectivity of enone at the time of... 

SCHEME 9.8. The chiral alkyl quaternary ammonium salt derived from L-proline in the asymmetric Michael addition of malonate to cychc enone. 

Chem. Descrip. Fatty alkyl quaternary ammonium salt... 

Amines are powerful nucleophiles which react under neutral or slightly basic conditions with several electron-accepting carbon reagents. The reaction of alkyl halides with amines is useful for the preparation of tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium salts. The conversion of primary amines into secondary amines is usually not feasible since the secondary amine tends towards further alkylation. 

Ammonium salts that have four alkyl groups bonded to nitrogen are called quaternary ammonium salts... 

In spite of being ionic many quaternary ammonium salts dissolve m nonpolar media The four alkyl groups attached to nitrogen shield its positive charge and impart lipophilic character to the tetraalkylammonium ion The following two quaternary ammonium salts for example are soluble m solvents of low polarity such as benzene decane and halo genated hydrocarbons... 

Even the tertiary amine competes with ammonia for the alkylating agent The product is a quaternary ammonium salt... 

Because of its high reactivity toward nucleophilic substitution methyl iodide is the alkyl halide most often used to prepare quaternary ammonium salts... 

Ammonia can act as a nucleophile toward primary and some secondary alkyl halides to give primary alkylamines Yields tend to be modest because the primary amine IS itself a nucleophile and undergoes alkylation Alkylation of ammonia can lead to a mixture containing a primary amine a secondary amine a tertiary amine and a quaternary ammonium salt... 

Alkylation (Section 22 12) Amines act as nucleophiles toward alkyl halides Pri mary amines yield secondary amines secondary amines yield tertiary amines and tertiary amines yield quaternary ammonium salts... 

Quantum (Section 13 1) The energy associated with a photon Quaternary ammonium salt (Section 22 1) Salt of the type R4N X The positively charged ion contains a nitrogen with a total of four organic substituents (any combination of alkyl and aryl groups)... 

The Leuckart reaction uses formic acid as reducing agent. Reductive alkylation using formaldehyde, hydrogen, and catalyst, usually nickel, is used commercially to prepare methylated amines. These tertiary amines are used to prepare quaternary ammonium salts. 

Quaternary ammonium alkyl ethers are prepared similarly an alkaline starch is reacted with a quaternary ammonium salt containing a 3-chloto-2-hydtoxyptopyl or 2,3-epoxyptopyl radical. Alternatively, such derivatives can be prepared by simple quaternization of tertiary aminoalkyl ethers by reaction with methyl iodide. Sulfonium (107) and phosphonium (108) starch salts have also been prepared and investigated. Further work has explained the synthesis of diethyl aminoethyl starch (109) as well as the production of cationic starches from the reaction of alkaline starch with... 

The nitrogen of aHphatic and aromatic amines is alkylated rapidly by alkyl sulfates yielding the usual mixtures. Most tertiary amines and nitrogen heterocycles are converted to quaternary ammonium salts, unless the nitrogen is of very low basicity, eg, ia tn phenylamine. The position of dimethyl sulfate-produced methylation of several heterocycles with more than one heteroatom has been examined (22). Acyl cyanamides can be methylated (23). Metal cyanates are converted to methyl isocyanate or ethyl isocyanate ia high yields by heating the mixtures (24,25). 

A second alkylation may follow, converting the secondary anine to a tertiary anine. Alkylation need not stop there the tertiary anine may itself be alkylated, giving a quaternary ammonium salt. 

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