Alkoxy-Substituted Alkenes

Nitronates derived from primary nitroalkanes can be regarded as a synthetic equivalent of nitrile oxides since the elimination of an alcohol molecule from nitronates adds one higher oxidation level leading to nitrile oxides. This direct / -elimination of nitronates is known to be facilitated in the presence of a Lewis acid or a base catalyst [66, 72, 73]. On the other hand, cycloaddition reactions of nitronates to alkene dipolarophiles produce N-alkoxy-substituted isoxazolidines as cycloadducts. Under acid-catalyzed conditions, these isoxazolidines can be transformed into 2-isoxazolines through a ready / -elimination, and 2-isoxazolines correspond to the cycloadducts of nitrile oxide cycloadditions to alkenes [74]. 

Functionalized zinc carbenoids have been prepared from carbonyl compounds by an indirect strategy. The deoxygenation of a carbonyl compound to an organozinc carbenoid can be induced by a reaction with zinc and TMSCl. Therefore, the aldehyde or ketone, when treated with TMSCl or l,2-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl)ethane in the presence of an alkene, generates the cyclopropanation product. This method is quite effective for the production of alkoxy-substituted cyclopropane derivatives. A 55% yield of the... 

Essentially the same substituents as listed above may be present in the alkene being substituted, with the possible exception of chloro, alkoxy and acetoxy groups on vinyl or allyl carbons. These groups, especially chloro, may be lost or partially lost with palladium when the final elimination step occurs. For example, vinyl acetate, iodobenzene and triethylamine with a palladium acetate-triphenylphosphine catalyst at 100 C form mainly (E)-stilbene, presumably via phenylation of styrene formed in the first arylation step (equation 21 ).6 ... 

The primary adducts (156) and (157) of oxazoles with alkenes and alkynes, respectively, are usually too unstable to be isolated. An exception is compound (158), obtained from 5-ethoxy-4-methyloxazole and 4,7-dihydro-l,3-dioxepin, which has been separated into its endo and exo components. If the dienophile is unsymmetrical the cycloaddition can take place in two senses. This is usually the case in the reactions of oxazoles with monosubstituted alkynes with alkenes on the other hand, regioselectivity is observed. Attempts to rationalize the orientation of the major adducts by the use of various MO indices, such as 7r-electron densities or localization energies and by Frontier MO theory (80KGS1255) have not been uniformly successful. A general rule for the reactions of alkyl- and alkoxy-substituted oxazoles is that in the adducts the more electronegative substituent R4 of the dienophile occupies the position shown in formula (156). The primary adducts undergo a spontaneous decomposition, whose outcome depends on the nature of the groups R and on whether alkenes or alkynes have been employed. 

The reaction is not regioselective for methylenecyclohexane and its 4-substituted derivatives (entries 1 and 2), slightly regioselective in the case of the 2-alkoxy-substituted alkene (entry 3), and completely regioselective for the enol lactone (entry 5). 

In still another variation on the above Rh-catalyzed system, lactones with 4-alkoxy substitution are obtained from internal alkynes by omitting the alkene and introducing one of several oxygen bases (equation 15). As before the reaction is characterized by good yields and modest regioselectivity. The mechanism involved here is not well understood. 

The first step of the mechanism involves the initial complexation of titanium tetrachloride to the carbonyl group of the electron-deficient alkene (enone) to give an alkoxy-substituted allylic carbocation. The allylic carbocation attacks the (trimethylsilyl)allene regiospecifically at C3 to generate vinyl cation I, which is stabilized by the interaction of the adjacent C-Si bond. The allylic Ji-bond is only coplanar with the C-Si bond in (trimethylsilyl)allenes, so only a C3 substitution can lead to the formation of a stabilized cation. A[1,2]-shift of the silyl group follows to afford an isomeric vinyl cation (II), which is intercepted by the titanium enolate to produce the highly substituted five-membered ring. Side products (III - V) may be formed from vinyl cation I. 

The transient zirconocene butene complex, 105, has proved to be useful in a number of organic transformations. For example, butene substitution of zirconocene alkene complexes with alkoxy-substituted olefins results in /3-alkoxide elimination to furnish the zirconocene alkoxy compounds (R = Me, 123 R = Bnz, 124) (Scheme 16).50,51 Addition of propargyl alcohols to the zirconocene butene complex, 105, affords homoallylic alcohols. These reactions are of limited utility owing to the lack of stereoselectivity or formation of multiple products. Positioning the alkoxide functional group further down the hydrocarbyl chain allows synthesis of cyclopropanes, though mixtures of the carbocycle and alkene products are obtained in some cases (Scheme 16).52... 

Studies on the stability of nitrile oxides [299] bound to Wang resin revealed that decomposition started to be detectable only after 3 days of storage in a dry box at r. t. The authors also demonstrated that cleaner products were obtained by generating the 1,3-dipole prior to addition of the dipolarophile. Mono-substituted electron-poor alkenes represent better dipolarophiles (in terms of both yield and regiose-lectivity) than 1,2-substituted electron-poor alkenes. Electron-rich alkenes gave good results vstith electron-poor (carboxy-substituted) nitrile oxides. The latter were more reactive than the corresponding alkoxy-substituted nitrile oxides. 

Although reactions are much slower with conjugated carbonyl cotipounds, DDO is stUl effective for the epoxidation of these electron-deficient double bonds (eq 6). Alkoxy-substitution on such conjugated alkenes can also be tolerated (eq 7). ... 

The a-chelation of a metal cation results in the formation of the Z(0)-enolate and the participation of -alkene in the [3,3]-process leads to the syn-stereoselectivity in the major product. In examples of a-alkoxy substitution, enolate coordination with boron triflates appears to provide the best results. Fused ZnCb is the reagent of choice in cases of a-amido substrates. ... 

Z-selectivity of the product through equilibration of the isomers that would be facile if Mo-methylidene is allowed to accumulate. The more stable alkoxy-substituted alkylidene does not undergo homocoupling due to an electronic mismatch, but can efficiently undergo productive cross metathesis with terminal alkenes in this way, a selective cross metathesis can be achieved. 

Alkenes have been tethered to pyridones at nitrogen (Scheme 13), and at C3 " and C4J Triplet-sensitized reaction of unsaturated esters 138 leads to [2-1-2]-cycloaddition at the nearby pyridone double bond, for tether lengths of two to five carbons. When the ester attachment is reversed, 140, no cycloaddition is observed. Alkoxy-substituted pyridones react with simple alkenes (compare with Scheme 12) tethered at... 

The titanium species derived from sequential treatment of a-alkoxy-substituted allylsilanes with s-Butyllithium then Ti(0-i-Pr)4 engages in a Peterson alkenation reaction with aldehydes to give, via electrophilic attack at the a-terminus of the allyl anion, 2-oxygenated 1,3-butadienes which can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding vinyl ketone (eq 19). ... 

The ability of Fischer carbene complexes to transfer their carbene ligand to an electron-deficient olefin was discovered by Fischer and Dotz in 1970 [5]. Further studies have demonstrated the generality of this thermal process, which occurs between (alkyl)-, (aryl)-, and (alkenyl)(alkoxy)carbene complexes and different electron-withdrawing substituted alkenes [6] (Scheme 1). For certain substrates, a common side reaction in these processes is the insertion of the carbene ligand into an olefinic C-H bond [6, 7]. In addition, it has been ob-... 

Some remarks concerning the scope of the cobalt chelate catalysts 207 seem appropriate. Terminal double bonds in conjugation with vinyl, aryl and alkoxy-carbonyl groups are cyclopropanated selectively. No such reaction occurs with alkyl-substituted and cyclic olefins, cyclic and sterically hindered acyclic 1,3-dienes, vinyl ethers, allenes and phenylacetylene95). The cyclopropanation of electron-poor alkenes such as acrylonitrile and ethyl acrylate (optical yield in the presence of 207a r 33%) with ethyl diazoacetate deserve notice, as these components usually... 

Individual aspects of nitrile oxide cycloaddition reactions were the subjects of some reviews (161 — 164). These aspects are as follows preparation of 5-hetero-substituted 4-methylene-4,5-dihydroisoxazoles by nitrile oxide cycloadditions to properly chosen dipolarophiles and reactivity of these isoxazolines (161), 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of isothiazol-3(2//)-one 1,1-dioxides, 3-alkoxy- and 3-(dialkylamino)isothiazole 1,1-dioxides with nitrile oxides (162), preparation of 4,5-dihydroisoxazoles via cycloaddition reactions of nitrile oxides with alkenes and subsequent conversion to a, 3-unsaturated ketones (163), and [2 + 3] cycloaddition reactions of nitroalkenes with aromatic nitrile oxides (164). 

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