Alkanes copper oxide

Because oxidations with oxygen are free-radical reactions, free radicals should be good initiators. Indeed, in the presence of hydrogen bromide at high enough temperatures, lower molecular weight alkanes are oxidized to alcohols, ketones, or acids [5 7]. Much more practical are oxidations catalyzed by transition metals, such as platinum [5, 6, 55, 56], or, more often, metal oxides and salts, especially salts soluble in organic solvents (acetates, acetylacetonates, etc.). The favored catalysts are vanadium pent-oxide [3] and chlorides or acetates of copper [2, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66], iron [67], cobalt [68, 69], palladium [60, 70], rhodium [10], iridium [10], and platinum [5, 6, 56, 57]. 

Ethylene oxide Acids and bases, alcohols, air, 1,3-nitroaniline, aluminum chloride, aluminum oxide, ammonia, copper, iron chlorides and oxides, magnesium perchlorate, mercaptans, potassium, tin chlorides, alkane thiols... 

Strong oxidizers and strong acids are incompatible with nikanolamines. Reactions, generating temperature and/or pressure increases, may occur with halogenated organic compounds. Alkan olamines are corrosive to copper and brass and may react. Contact with aluminum by alkan olamines, particularly when wet or at elevated temperatures (60°C), should be avoided. 

Alkaline earth oxides, heat of reaction with water, 382 Alkaline earth sulfates, K,r, 382 Alkanes, 341 naming, 338 Alkyl group, 336 Alloys, 309 Alnico, 406 copper, 71, 309 covalent bonds, and, 305 gold, 71... 

Alkane oxidation via a hydroperoxide was suggested many years ago, and seems to be operative in Acinetobacter sp. strain M-1 that has, in addition, a rather unusual range of substrates that include both n-alkanes and -alkenes. The purified enzyme contains FAD and requires copper for activity (Maeng et al. 1996). 

Catalytic forms of copper, mercury and silver acetylides, supported on alumina, carbon or silica and used for polymerisation of alkanes, are relatively stable [3], In contact with acetylene, silver and mercury salts will also give explosive acetylides, the mercury derivatives being complex [4], Many of the metal acetylides react violently with oxidants. Impact sensitivities of the dry copper derivatives of acetylene, buten-3-yne and l,3-hexadien-5-yne were determined as 2.4, 2.4 and 4.0 kg m, respectively. The copper derivative of a polyacetylene mixture generated by low-temperature polymerisation of acetylene detonated under 1.2 kg m impact. Sensitivities were much lower for the moist compounds [5], Explosive copper and silver derivatives give non-explosive complexes with trimethyl-, tributyl- or triphenyl-phosphine [6], Formation of silver acetylide on silver-containing solders needs higher acetylene and ammonia concentrations than for formation of copper acetylide. Acetylides are always formed on brass and copper or on silver-containing solders in an atmosphere of acetylene derived from calcium carbide (and which contains traces of phosphine). Silver acetylide is a more efficient explosion initiator than copper acetylide [7],... 

Bobianko and Gorokhovatskil 152) and Roiter, Golodets, and Pyatnit-skii 153) found correlations between the rates of the total oxidation of alkenes and alkanes on copper catalysts and the strength of the C—C bond, which is ruptured in the rate-determining step (series 137, six reactants series 138, seven reactants). 

On the other hand, Tilley et al. have reported a synthesis of a well-defined tris(tert-butoxy)siloxy-iron(lll) complex [13] as well as respective molecular siloxide complexes of cobalt [14] and copper [15], which appear to become precursors for their grafting onto silica and application as catalysts for oxidation of alkanes, alkenes and arenes by hydrogen peroxide. 

In the Nippon Mining Company process,163 the aqueous feed consists of a solution of cobalt, nickel and other metal sulfates obtained by the high-pressure oxidative leaching of a mixed metal sulfide ore. Following the removal of iron and copper by chemical precipitation methods, and the successive extraction of zinc and cobalt by organophosphorus acid reagents (Section 63.3.2.2) under weakly acidic conditions, the pH value of the solution is adjusted to between 9 and 9.5 with ammonia, and nickel is extracted into a 25% solution of LIX 64N in an alkane solvent. 

Figure 18 Microplasma reactor, based on DBD, for oxidative conversion of C,-C3 alkanes A gas inlet B gas outlet C frontside copper electrode D backside electrode (Trionfetti et at, 2008a reproduced with permission).

The use of mixed-metal catalysts can also dramatically affect the products of autoxidations. An example mentioned earlier is the selective oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetic anhydride in the presence of a mixture of cobalt and copper acetates. Another example is the co-oxidation of alkanes and olefins in the presence of both an autoxidation and an epoxidation catalyst (see Section III.B) ... 

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