Alkanes common names

Two constitutionally isomeric alkanes have the molecular formula C4H10 One has an unbranched chain (CH3CH2CH2CH3) and is called n butane, the other has a branched chain [(CH3)3CH] and is called isobutane Both n butane and isobutane are common names... 

A single alkane may have several different names a name may be a common name or it may be a systematic name developed by a well defined set of rules The most widely used system is lUPAC nomencla ture Table 2 6 summarizes the rules for alkanes and cycloalkanes Table 2 7 gives the rules for naming alkyl groups... 

We give alkenes lUPAC names by replacing the ane ending of the corresponding alkane with ene The two simplest alkenes are ethene and propene Both are also well known by their common names ethylene and propylene... 

Both common and systematic names of compounds are used throughout this volume, depending on which the Editor-in-Chief feels is most appropriate. Preparations appear in the alphabetical order of names of the compound or names of the synthetic procedures. The Chemical Abstracts indexing name for each title compound, if it differs from the title name, is given as a subtitle. Because of the major shift to new systematic nomenclature adopted by Chemical Abstracts in 1972, many common names used in the text are immediately followed by the bracketed, new names. Whenever two names are concurrently in use, the carre CChemical Abstracts name is adopted. The prefix n- is deleted from -alkanes and w-alkyls. All reported dimensions are now expressed in S st me International units. 

The common names of primary amines consist of the name of the alkyl branch followed by the name amine. The systematic (lUPAC) name of primary amines consists of the name of the alkane with the -e replaced by the suffix -amine. Some examples of primary amines appear in Figure 13-1. If more than one amine group is present, you need to use the appropriate prefix. 

Aldehydes use the parent name of their corresponding alkanes and the ending al. Therefore, the simplest aldehyde is meth-anal, but it goes by its common name formaldehyde. Aldehydes and ketones are often produced by the oxidation of alcohols. For example, formaldehyde is produced by the oxidation of methanol according to the following reaction ... 

ROH is an alcohol and ArOH is a phenol (Chapter 19). Some alcohols have common names, usually made up of the name of the alkyl group attached to the OH and the word alcohol" e.g., ethyl ilcohol, C2H5OH. More generally the lUPAC method is used, in which the suffix -ol replaces the -e of the alkane to indicate the OH. The longest chain with the OH group is used as the parent, and the C bonded to the OH is called the carbinol carbon. 

In general, organic compounds are given systematic names by using the order prefix-parent-suffix, where prefix indicates how many branching groups are present, parent indicates how many carbons are in the longest chain and suffix indicates the name of the family. Common names as weU as systematic names are used for alkanes and their derivatives. However, it is advisable to use systematic names or the lUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) nomenclature, which can be derived from a simple set of rules. 

Alkyl halides are named using the IUPAC rules for alkanes. Naming the alkyl group attached to the halogen and adding the inorganic halide name for the halogen atom creates common names. 

The following branched alkanes have lUPAC-accepted common names ... 

In naming aldehydes, name the parent alkane, remove the -e, and add -al. For example, an aldehyde having one carbon atom is called methanal. Its common name is formaldehyde. 

The roots for backbones containing one through four carbons come from the common names for these alkanes. You probably recognize most of these already. For backbones of five or more carbons, systematic roots (derived from Greek) are employed. 

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