Alkane sulphonates

Alkane sulphonates contain both mono- and disulphonates. The monosul-phonates can be determined by direct titration with benzethonium chloride according to ISO 2271, and this is the procedure recommended in ISO 6121 [13], but see the comment at the end of section 5.7.3. 

This section describes methods for total alkane sulphonates, extraction and determination of mean molecular weight of alkane monosulphonates and separation and determination of alkane mono- and disulphonic acids. 

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Other electroplating solutions Other solutions, which are more rarely used for plating copper, include the fluoborate bath, the amine bath, the sulphamate bath and the alkane sulphonate bath. 

Selected examples of the hydrogenolysis of haloalkanes and alkane sulphonic esters... 

Aromatic - alkylbenzene, alkyltoluene, alkylxylene, alkylnaphthalene Aliphatic - a-olefin sulphonates, alkane sulphonates, sulphosuccinates... 

These surfactants are also called alkane sulphonates or secondary alkane sulphonates. They are a versatile class of surfactants with interesting chemistry and are significantly less commercialised than LAS or alkyl sulphates, due to the more complex manufacturing route and the lack of flexibility of a paraffin sulphonate manufacturing unit which can effectively produce only paraffin sulphonates. Compare this to a falling film S03 plant which can be used for the manufacture of a wide range of sulphonated and sulphated surfactants. 

LiCioHg (lithium naphthalenide) Tetrahydrofuran -78 to RT sulphide —> alkane sulphone —> alkane... 

Direct addition of an alkylsulphonate into imidazole is useful, not only to synthesize the sulphonate anion, but also different anions via metathesis in the halogen free method. For example, the alkylation of /V-alkylimida/oles such as /V-mcthylimidazolc with alkylsulphonate can be performed under solventless conditions at room temperature affording, after 48-72 h, the corresponding 1,3-dialkylimidazolium alkanesulphonate salts as crystalline solids in almost quantitative yields (5) [48], The alkane sulphonate anions can easily be substituted by a series of other anions by metathesis ... 

Recently, novel sulphonyl-functionalized ionic liquids with S03H and S02C1 groups have been designed, synthesized and characterized. First reported were Bronsted-acidic functionalized ionic liquids bearing an alkane sulphonic acid group in an imidazole or triphenylphosphine cation (Fig. 15a) [86] or in a pyridinium cation (Fig. 15b) [87],... 

Secondary alkane sulphonates, also called paraffinsulphonates, are generated by sulphochlorination or by sulphoxidation of linear paraffins. Sulphochlorination (Reed reaction) means introduction of the SO2-CI moiety in a paraffin molecule by action of CI2 and SO2 under UV-irradiation followed by hydrolysis and neutralization with NaOH. Reaction of SO2 and O2 with n-paraffins under UV light is called sulphoxidation. 

Secondary Alkane Sulphonates Readily degradable [57] Persistent [32] ... 

Preformed microemulsions containing co-solvents and co-surfactants have been used for laboratory experiments [94] and a field test [55] in Canada. The systems were developed for the extraction of a viscous oil containing up to 16% of chlorinated solvents from a site at Ville Mercier. The contaminant is a DNAPL with a density of 1.05 g/cm3 and thus exhibits only a small density difference compared to chlorinated solvents [94]. It could not be extracted effectively by the usual Winsor I systems containing n-butanol as a co-surfactant. The addition of solvents was necessary for effective solubilisation of the contaminant [94]. A preformed microemulsion containing D-limonene, toluene, n-butanol, Hostapur SAS (secondary alkane sulphonate sodium salt) and water was injected into a field test site at Thouin Sand Pit near Montreal. In previous column experiments, a composition of 13.16% D-limonene, 13.16% toluene, 9.21% n-butanol, 9.21% Hostapur SAS and 0.3% of sodium ortho-silicate in water was used as a preformed microemulsion for the extraction of DNAPL from Ville Mercier. 

Supercritical fluid extraction (SEE) turns out to be very effective in the isolation of all three surfactant classes from solid matrices. While supercritical CO2 alone did not affect significant recovery of surfactants, the addition either of modifiers or of reactants resulted in nearly quantitative recoveries. Thus, LAS and secondary alkane sulphonates (SAS) are extracted from sewage sludges in the form of tetrabufylammonium ion pairs. Lee et al. extracted NP from sewage... 

As the counterions, quaternary ammonium compounds may be used for the separation of anions, whereas alkane sulphonates may be used for separation of cations. The concentrations of counterions are typically about 0.005 M. 

Following the adjustment of pH of the eluent to achieve, if possible, total ionization of the solutes, a counterion is added, starting with one of low hydro-phobicity, e.g., a short chain alkane sulphonate. The retention may be increased by increasing the alkane chain length or the concentration of the counterion. Fig. 4.4.12 shows a typical example of the separation of a mixture of catecholamines. It should be emphasized that the previously mentioned short equilibration times of bonded phase chromatography do not apply to ion-pair partition chromatography. The counterions used often exhibit a considerable affinity to the apolar stationary phase and also, eventually, to residual silanol groups, hence the column is able to adsorb a certain amount of counterions. Equilibrium is not established until the column is... 

Surface-active agents (surfactants) are frequently used to change crystal habits. Common anionic surfactants include the alkyl sulphates, alkane sulphon-... 

Fatty Amine Ethoxylates Fatty Amide Ethoxylates Glycerolmonosteatate Sodium Alkane Sulphonate Concentrates... 

Commonly employed base hydrolysis of sultones at 150 C leads to about 60-70% hydroxyalkane sulphonate and 30-40% alkane sulphonate. 

The combination of neutralisation/hydrolysis gives a product containing about 55-65% alkene sulphonates and 25-35% hydroxy alkane sulphonates and 5-15% disulphonates. The C(l,3) sultones and D(l,4) sultones have virtually disappeared in the plug flow reactor with a residence time of 30 minutes at HO C. The ratio between initial and final concentration of delta (1,4) sultones will be ... 

Alkylbenzene sulphonates Alkane sulphonates Alpha-olefin sulphonates (R = mainly -CH2- and -C2H4-)... 

Many monosulphonates can be extracted from 3 M hydrochloric acid with diethyl ether. Disulphonates and hydrotropes which are low-molecular-weight sulphonates are not extracted. In the case of a-olefin sulphonates the hydroxyalkane sulphonates are converted to sultones and extracted with the monosulphonic acid. The method is applicable to alkylbenzene sulphonates, mono- and dialkylsulphosuccinates and a-olefin sulphonates, but apparently not to alkane sulphonates. 

As a check, the sum of the alkene sulphonates and hydroxyalkane sulphonates in mol/1 may be determined on the original sample by titration with benzethonium chloride. The result includes any 2-hydroxy-alkane sulphonate, which is not converted to the sultone by the acid treatment described, and so may differ slightly from the sum of the... 

ISO 6122 1978 Surface active agents— Technical alkane sulphonates— Determination of total alkane sulphonates content. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. 

Conditions identical to those described in [22] for alkyl sulphates can be used for alkane sulphonates. 

A final example of separation of dialkyldimethylammonium quaternaries on a column of 5 micron PLRP-S with a mobile phase of 5mM methanesulphonic acid in 70% acetonitrile is given in [34]. This example uses post-column ion suppression (see section 9.5.1) and atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry for component identification. Also described in this paper is the analysis of alkyl sulphates and alkane sulphonates. 

The analysis of alkyl sulphates and alkane sulphonates using similar conditions to those given previously is described in [41]. Separation of alkyl sulphates and alkyl ether sulphates using a silica gel layer with acetone tetrahydrofuran (9 1, v/v) and visualisation with Pinakryptol yellow is described in [42]. 

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