Alkaline corrosive solid

Batteries that require a liquid electrolyte are called wet batteries. Corrosive battery fluid refers to either acid electrolytes syn. battery acid, like the common lead-acid automobile battery which uses a solution of sulphuric acid, or alkali electrolytes syn. alkaline corrosive battery fluid, like potassium hydroxide (1310-58-3) solutions in nickel-cadmium and other alkaline battery systems. Dry batteries or dry cells, like all primary batteries, use electrolytes immobilized in pastes, gels, or absorbed into separator materials. Some batteries are loaded with a dry, solid chemical (e.g., potassium hydroxide) which is diluted with water to become a liquid electrolyte. The hazards associated with handling and transportation prior to use are thereby reduced. 

CO2 is not removed by water treatment. Scales and deposits may also be formed by dissolved and suspended solids. Excessive alkalinity in boilers can lead to caustic cracking. High alkalinity is caused by high TDS (total dissolved solids) and alkaUnity. External treatment includes demineralization and reduction of alkalinity, corrosion inhibition and biological control. Morpholine inhibitor is added as inhibitor for treatment of condensate corrosion. 

Alkalinity Bicarbonate (HCO3), carbonate (CO3), and hydrate (OH), expressed as CaCOj. Causes foaming and carryover of solids with steam. Can cause embrittlement of boiler steel. Biocarbonate and carbonate generate COj in steam, a source of corrosion. 

Hot Lime Zeolite-Split Stream Softening. Many raw waters softened by the first two processes would contain more sodium bicarbonate than is acceptable for boder feedwater purposes. Sodium bicarbonate will decompose in (lie boiler water to give caustic soda. Caustic soda in high concentrations is corrosive and promotes foaming. The American Boiler Manufacturers Association has adopted the standard that the alkalinity content should not exceed 20% of the total solids of the boiler water. Split stream softening provides a means for reducing the alkalinity content. 

Scaling and corrosion are related phenomena. The properties of water influencing both are the calcium hardness, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, pH and temperature. Theoretically, the above conditions can be controlled so that the water is in equilibrium and neither corrosion nor scaling results. In practice, however, this equilibrium is difficult to achieve since it is a border condition, and a delicate balance must be maintained. 

It is noteworthy that this process does not create any additional solid waste, as all constituents of the waste solution can either be recovered by destination, or chemically decomposed at relatively moderate temperatures. Corrosion attack is small because no halogen compounds are involved, and the only potentially hazardous material is the ion exchange resin. When operated at room temperature, there are no detectable signs of decomposition within one to two month s residence time. The spent resin can be stored safely in alkaline media before incorporation into concrete. 

Silicates. Both sodium and potassium silicate solids or solutions have valued functionality including emulsification, buffering, deflocculation, and antiredeposition ability. Silicates also provide corrosion protection to metal parts in washing machines, as well as to the surfaces of china patterns and metal utensils in automatic dishwashers. Silicates are manufactured in liquid, crystalline, or powdered forms and with different degrees of alkalinity. The alkalinity of the silicate provides buffering capacity in the presence of acidic soils and enhances the sequestration ability of the builder system in the formulation. The sili-cate/alkali ratios of the silicates are selected by the formulator to meet specific product requirements. Silicate ratios of 1/1 are commonly used in dry blending applications with silicate ratios of 2/1 and higher commonly used in laundry and autodish applications. 

Removal of EDC emulsions. A commonly occurring alkaline (pH of 12-13) process waste stream in VCM plants contains emulsions of EDC, water and inorganic solids such as calcium/iron hydroxides. The emulsion which settles between the heavier (bottom) EDC layer and the lighter (top) water layer in a tank can create deficiency in the stripping and distillation towers by causing fouling and corrosion. As indicated in Table 6.12, the amount of emulsified EDC varies from 2 to 4% and that of metal hydroxides from I to 15% by volume. 

In addition, the presence of alkalinity due to bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions is often the predominant cause of foaming and carry over of solids with steam, resulting in corrosion of metal and damage to auxiliary equipment (24). Furthermore, the presence of other metal ions such as iron and manganese can discolor water and form deposits in water lines and boilers, and interfere with dying, tanning, and paper manufacture. 

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