Aliphatic hydrocarbons behavior

Among the recently published works, the one which showed that the cyclic structures of water clusters open up to form a linear structure above a certain threshold electric field value a was a systematic ab initio study on the effect of electric field on structure, energetics, and transition states of trimer, tetramer, and pentamer water clusters (both cyclic and acyclic) [36], Considering c/.v-butadiene as a model system, the strength and the direction of a static electric field has been used to examine the delocalization energy, the probabilities of some local electronic structures, the behavior of electron pairs, and the electronic fluctuations [37]. Another recent work performed by Rai et al. focused on the studies using the DFT and its time-dependent counterpart of effects of uniform static electric field on aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons [38],... 

Huang L, Sturchio NC, Abrajano T, Heraty LJ, Holt BD (1999) Carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons by evaporation. Org Geochem 30(8A) 777-785 Jambon A, Deruelle B, Dreibus G, Pineau F (1995) Chlorine and bromine abundance in MORB the contrasting behavior of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and East Pacific Rise and implications for chlorine geodynamic cycle. Chem Geol 126 101-117... 

Wakeham, S.G., Canuel, E.A., and Doering, P.H. Behavior of aliphatic hydrocarbons in coastal seawater mesocosm experiments with [ CJoctadecane and [ C]decane, Environ. Sci. Technol, 20(6) 574-580,1986. 

The negative charge distribution in the adducts was evaluated on the basis of the chemical shift values and found to be nearly 75% concentrated on the nitrogen atom. In the reactions of l-ethoxycarbonyl-l,4-dihydropyridines with organosodium and organopotassium compounds, the resulting metal-associated (j-adducts were not soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons alone but were made so by addition of 18-crown-6. This behavior would support ionic structures for the potassium and sodium adducts. 

For convenience of isolating the reaction product in a crystalline state, acid amides containing aromatic ring(s), i.e., acetanilide and benzanilide, were selected, and were allowed to react with AlMe3, AlEt3, or A1Bu 3. The reaction product could be obtained in a crystalline state by adding an aliphatic hydrocarbon such as iso-octane to the reaction mixture in toluene. The catalytic behavior of the isolated reaction products indicated that these products were the real active species of the catalyst system (36) (Table 2). 

Aromatic compounds (also called arenes) include benzene and compounds that resemble benzene in chemical behavior. Those properties of benzene that distinguish it from aliphatic hydrocarbons are called aromatic properties. Usually the structures of aromatic compounds are formed with benzene as the basic building block, although a few... 

The use of aliphatic solvents causes profound changes in the observed kinetic behavior for the alkyllithium initiation reactions with styrene, butadiene, and isoprenc. i.e.. Ihe inverse correspondence between the reaction order dependence for alkyllithium and degree of organolithium aggregation is generally not observed. Also, initial rales of initiation in aliphatic solvents are several orders of magnitude less lhan those observed, under equivalent conditions, in aromatic solvents. Furthermore, pronounced induction periods are observed in aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents,... 

C5- and C6- cyclizations are parallel reactions. Csicsery has shown that isomerization of tetralin to methylindan over platinum-alumina at 371°C is extremely slow (22). Davis and Venuto provided further evidence by showing that methylindan is also not converted to tetralin or naphthalene over platinum on silica-alumina (23). This behavior is similar to that observed in the cyclization of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Davis and Venuto also reported that the major aromatic products obtained from ten C8-C9 paraffins and olefins at 482°C are only formed by direct six-membered ring... 

Figure 1 demonstrates the drastic influence on the stability region of a lamellar liquid crystalline phase when an aromatic hydrocarbon is substituted by an aliphatic one. The lamellar phase formed by water and emulsifier is stable between 20 and 60 wt % water. Addition of an aromatic hydrocarbon (p-xylene) to the liquid crystalline phase increased the maximum amount of water from 45 to 85% (w/w) (Figure 1 left). Inclusion of an aliphatic hydrocarbon (n-hexadecane) gave the opposite result the maximum water content in the liquid crystalline state was reduced (right). Some of the factors which govern the association behavior of these surfactants and cause effects such as the one above are treated below. 

Aliphatic hydrocarbon solutes are primarily solubilized within the hydrocarbon core region of the surfactant micelles. Solubilization isotherms (activity coefLcient versus mole fraction, X) for these hydrophobic solutes exhibit curves that decrease from relatively large values at inLnite dilution to lower values as X increases toward unity (Figure 12.6). The aromatic hydrocarbons are intermediate in behavior between highly polar solutes, which are anchored in the micelle surface region, and aliphatic hydrocarbons, which preferentially solubilize in the hydrocarbon core region (Kondo et al., 1993). 

Musikas and co-workers studied extensively the extraction behavior of inorganic acids and U/Pu extraction chemistry with A/,A-dialkyl amides (202-205). Based on the extraction data, they proposed certain dialkyl amides suitable for the reprocessing of irradiated nuclear fuels in nitric acid media. Most of the work reported earlier on amides referred to either aromatic or substituted aliphatic hydrocarbons employed as diluents. However, these diluents are not suitable for commercial-scale reprocessing due to their poor radiation and chemical stability in the presence of nitric acid, as well as their tendency to form a three-phase system. 

The great chemical resistibility of aliphatic hydrocarbons and the aggregate1 state of their members poor in carbon make them appear us unsuitable material for eleotrolytical experiments. Only the addition-reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons offer an experimental field. This has not yet been developed. These reactions are cathodic in the addition of hydrogen, and anodic in the addition of halogens, etc. The fact that such hydrocarbons occur in the decomposition of aliphatic acids gives us an indication as to their behavior, which will he mentioned at the proper place. 

In the neighborhood of 300 to 400°C, the aliphatic hydrocarbons from ethane on up show a rather complex ignition behavior (Fig. XIV. 10). At... 

From our study so far vve know what kind of chemical properties to expect of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, that is, of an alkane, alkene, or alkyne. We know what kind of chemical behavior to expect of the parent aromatic hydrocarbon, benzene. Many important compounds are not just aliphatic or Just aromatic, however, but contain both aliphatic and aromatic units hydrocarbons of this kind are known collectively as arenes. Ethylbenzene for example, contains a benzene ring and an aliphatic side chain. 

Mixtures of nonpolar solvents are normally characterized by the term solubility parameter (5). The difference in solubility parameters of mixture components provides a measure of solution nonideality.Mixtures of aliphatic hydrocarbons are nearly ideal, whereas mixtures of aliphatic hydrocarbon with aromatics show appreciable nonideality. Sometimes, it is difficult to predict the behavior of highly nonideal mixtures. Thermodynamic properties of binary and multicomponent mixtures have been dealt with extensively in the literature. " ... 

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