ALGIN Alkaloid

Alginates, alkaloids, glycerides, gutta, phenols, rosins, rubber, saponins sterols, tall oils, tannins, terpenes, waxes... 

Biotransformations of morphinan alkaloids have been reported for plant, fungal, and mammalian enzymatic systems with emphasis on rather specific reactions such as the reduction of ketones, N- and O-demethylation, and perox-idative transformations. Furuya et al. used immobilized tissue culture cells of Papaver somniferum to accomplish the selective reduction of codeinone (135) to codeine (136) (207) (Scheme 30). Suspension cultures of a well-established cell line of P. somniferum were grown for one week as a source of cell mass for immobilization in calcium alginate. The cells continued to live in the alginate matrix for 6 months maintaining their biological activity. The reduction of co-... 

Villegas, M., Leon, R. and Brodelius P. E. 1999. Effects of alginate and immobilization by entrapment in alginate on benzophenanthridine alkaloid production in cell suspension cultures of Eschscholtzia californica. Biotechnology Letters, 21(1) 49-55. 

Aldotriouronic acids, 73 Alginic acid, fractionation, 55 L-guluronic acid in, 88 Alkaloids, biosynthesis of, 269 Allose, 2-amino-2-deoxy-n-, derivatives of, 191... 

The synthesis of indole alkaloids from the common precursors tryptamine and secologanin by cell cultures of C, roseus has been studied in detail (IT). Cells entrapped in agar, agarose, or carrageenan produce ajmalicine isomers at about the same rate as the freely suspended cells, while cells entrapped in alginate showed up to 160 fold increased synthesis. A major reason for this increased synthesis is believed to be the restricted growth of the entrapped cells, as has been discussed above for Capsiaum. The yield of ajmalicine is above 12 times as much product formed from added precursors as by de novo synthesis. In this case too, alginate entrapped cells were much more productive than freely suspended cells (140% increase), and were also used to synthesize the related alkaloid serpentine in a batch procedure (17). 

In a second paper (/ 75) the production of ajmalicine by calcium alginate-entrapped cells of C. roseus in a continuous flow reactor was described. The authors reported that, as was described earlier in their first paper on the subject, only a small amount of the produced alkaloid was excreted into the medium and that the greater part was trapped within the cells. The maximum productivity of the reactor was 73.3 g/liter/day at a dilution rate of 0.72 day . ... 

Total alkaloid production of C. roseus cells immobilized on the surfaces of calcium alginate beads in a packed column bioreactor is described by Kargi (627). The alkaloid concentration of the medium and the biomass was determined by means of absorbance measurements at 280 nm. A calibration curve was established with the alkaloid ajmalicine. Total alkaloid content of medium and cells was claimed to be as high as 3.3% on dry weight basis, whereas the alkaloid content of suspension cultured cells was 0.4%. 

Gontier E, Sangwan BS, Barbotin JN (1994) Effects of calcium, alginate, and calcium-alginate immobilization on growth and tropane alkaloid levels of a stable suspension cell line of Datura innoxia Mill. Plant Cell Rep 13(9) 533-536... 

Claviceps purpurea was immobilised in Ca-alginate by Kopp and Rehm (1983, 1984). The immobilised cells maintained the alkaloid production, for approximately 150 days under semicontinuous regime. Higher matrix (alginate) concentration promoted the overall production but mostly alkaloids in lower oxidation state were produced. The immobilised cells formed sklerotia-like structures suggesting the immobilisation (matrix) can simulate parasitic conditions. 

The determination of strychnine in nux vomica and its preparations may be carried out by solvent extraction and ion exchange isolation of the alkaloids followed by a 2-point spectrophotometric method. Oxy-cellulose can be used or, preferably, treated alginic. acid which can replace it in all cases, is more stable and less difficult to prepare. 

In the presence of the dye-stuff a preliminary purification by solvent extraction is necessary before applying the alginic acid isolation of the alkaloids described above. 

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