Alert pheromone

Although differences of interpretation exist as to whether they may not in fact be alerting pheromones [21] rather than defensive agents (especially in instances where the compounds concerned were isolated by solvent extraction of the whole animal without further experiments being conducted to ascertain... 

Much of the communication between insects involves chemical messengers called pheromones A species of cockroach secretes a substance from its mandibular glands that alerts other cockroaches to its presence and causes them to congregate One of the principal components of this aggregation pheromone is the alkane shown in the bond line formula that follows Give the molecular formula of this substance and represent it by a condensed formula... 

Many different functions of pheromones have been found since Butenandt. Aggregation pheromones attract both sexes to a special location, while sex pheromones are offered by one sex only to attract or arouse the other one. Trail pheromones used by ants mark food trails and alarm pheromones change the state of alertness of conspecifics. These are only some of the functions pheromones can have, and similar different functions can be found in allelochemicals as well. 

When disturbed or molested, these insects release small droplets of hemo-lymph from the tibio-femoral joints of their legs, and it is now well established that the deterrency exhibited by many species of coccinellids towards potential predators results from the presence of repellent and bitter alkaloids in that fluid [ 12,13]. In ladybirds, this unpalatability is associated with a bright aposematic coloration and a characteristic smell due to 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines [14, 15]. The beetles use these molecules not only to reinforce the visual alerting signal on an olfactory level, but also as aggregation pheromones [16]. 

Thus, release rates of at least some closely related pheromone components may vary greatly when formulated in either rubber septa or PVC pellets. If proper proportions of blend components are necessary to induce the appropriate behavioral response by a species, this influence of the formulation on release rates could be critical. We believe pheromone specialists need to be more alert to this potential problem, regardless of the type releaser substrate being used. 

Pheromones, chemicals secreted by animals, influence the behavior of other members of the same species. They often represent the major means of communication among simpler animals. The term pheromone literally means "to carry" and "to excite" (Greek, pherein, to carry Greek, horman, to excite). They are chemicals carried or shed by one member of the species and used to alert other members of the species. 

Behavioural tests were conducted in a glass tank containing a 2 cm depth of water totalling 1600 mL. Females of the species exposed to the pheromone at a concentration of approximately 10 pM were attracted to the source with remarkably rapid response times. An increase in alertness and change of posture was noticeable twenty seconds after introduction of the pheromone to the tank (Wabnitz et al., 1999 Wabnitz et al., 2000). 

The word is from the Creek pherein, to carry, and horman, to excite. Even though they are emitted and detected in exceedingiy smaii amounts, pheromones have profound bio-iogicai effects. One of their main effects is sexual attraction and stimulation, but they are also used as alarm substances to alert members of the same species to danger, as aggregation substances to call together both sexes of a species, and as trail substances to lead members of a species to food. 

Alarm pheromones This type of substance is released when an individual is attacked by a predator. It can alert others to escape, or it can cause an aggressive response to members of the same species. 

A pheromone is any of a group of naturally occurring chemical species produced by one member of the species to alert other members of the same species about specific circumstances. Some pheromones alert conspecifics to danger, to sexual receptivity, to nearby food, and so on. 

---