Aldehydes reductive coupling with

Chiral 1,6-enynes (109, X = O or CH2) undergo nickel-catalysed reductive coupling with aldehydes to give regioisomers, 110a and 110b regioselectivity is 95 5, with a... 

Fig. 22 Electroreduction of ketones or aldehydes using ADH as catalyst. Reduction system A shows the ADH-catalyzed reduction coupled with regeneration of NADPH or NADH by ferre-doxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR) or diaphorase (DP), respectively with assistance of methyl violo-gen as an electron mediator. In system B, ADH is used as sole enzyme which catalyzes both reduction of substrates and regeneration of cofactors...

Crotonates bearing an atropisomeric 1-naphthamide moiety can be reacted in a Sml2-mediated reductive coupling with a variety of aldehydes to yield enantiomerically enriched 7-butyrolactones. The crotonate derived from 2-hydroxy-8-methoxy-Tnaphthamide reacted with pentanal to afford the highest ee of >99% in a combined yield of 90% with a cisltrans-mt o of 90 10. The chiral crotonate can also be linked to a Rink amide resin with the C-8 oxygen, and in the solid-phase reaction the same level of axial-to-central chirality transfer was obtained (Equation 103) <2006JOC2445>. 

For the one-step conversion of oxiranes to alkenes a variety of reducing metals have been used, including Li, Ti°, low-valent Nb, Cr , and Sm . ° In the latter case, HMPA and N,N-dimethylami-noethanol facilitate the reaction. Reaction of 2 equiv. of Bu"Li with WCle produces a reagent which effects efficient deoxygenation of oxiranes, as exemplified in equation (8). This reagent is particularly valuable for the deoxygenation of tri- and tetra-substituted oxiranes and is compatible with ethers and esters, although aldehydes and ketones reductively couple with it. 

Kirschning and coworkers have recently reported the synthesis of a resin-bound diketone for the sequestration of amines and hydrazines [14]. The resin-bound diketone was synthesized via oxidation of a chloromethyl resin, followed by reductive coupling with 2,4-pentadione, to provide the requisite scavenger resin. This resin was found to be more efficient than supported-aldehydes for amine and hydrazine scavenging and, furthermore, found to be selective for the scavenging of primary amines over secondary amines (Scheme 8.10). 

Pinacolization Aldehydes undergo reductive coupling with Zn, Me SiCl, and catalytic amounts of CpV(CO) (3 examples, 70-90%). Such a diol product is actually tied up as dioxolane (with one equivalent of the original aldehyde). 

Recently, an interesting example of a redox neutral cascade using co-TAs for the key reductive amination step was presented [37]. This enzymatic activity, catalyzing the reductive amination of selected aldehydes, was coupled with an ADH for the... 

The Houk group reported a theoretieal study of the Ni-catalyzed alkyne-aldehyde reductive coupling reactions with silane as reducting agent. They showed that the selectivity of the [5+2] cycloaddition is controlled by the anisotropic steric environment of the NHC ligands. 

The reductive coupling of aldehydes or ketones with 01, -unsaturated carboxylic esters by > 2 mol samarium(II) iodide (J.A. Soderquist, 1991) provides a convenient route to y-lactones (K. Otsubo, 1986). Intramolecular coupling of this type may produce trans-2-hy-droxycycloalkaneacetic esters with high stereoselectivity, if the educt is an ( )-isomer (E.J. Enholm, 1989 A, B). 

Hoffmaim-La Roche has produced -carotene since the 1950s and has rehed on core knowledge of vitamin A chemistry for the synthesis of this target. In this approach, a five-carbon homologation of vitamin A aldehyde (19) is accompHshed by successive acetalizations and enol ether condensations to prepare the aldehyde (46). Metal acetyUde coupling with two molecules of aldehyde (46) completes constmction of the C q carbon framework. Selective reduction of the internal triple bond of (47) is followed by dehydration and thermal isomerization to yield -carotene (21) (Fig. 10). 

This procedure is representative of a new general method for the preparation of noncyclic acyloins by thiazol ium-catalyzed dimerization of aldehydes in the presence of weak bases (Table I). The advantages of this method over the classical reductive coupling of esters or the modern variation in which the intermediate enediolate is trapped by silylation, are the simplicity of the procedure, the inexpensive materials used, and the purity of the products obtained. For volatile aldehydes such as acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde the reaction Is conducted without solvent in a small, heated autoclave. With the exception of furoin the preparation of benzoins from aromatic aldehydes is best carried out with a different thiazolium catalyst bearing an N-methyl or N-ethyl substituent, instead of the N-benzyl group. Benzoins have usually been prepared by cyanide-catalyzed condensation of aromatic and heterocyclic aldehydes.Unsymnetrical acyloins may be obtained by thiazol1um-catalyzed cross-condensation of two different aldehydes. -1 The thiazolium ion-catalyzed cyclization of 1,5-dialdehydes to cyclic acyloins has been reported. 

Aromatic nitro compounds are often strongly colored. They frequently produce characteristic, colored, quinoid derivatives on reaction with alkali or compounds with reactive methylene groups. Reduction to primary aryl amines followed by diazotization and coupling with phenols yields azo dyestuffs. Aryl amines can also react with aldehydes with formation of Schiff s bases to yield azomethines. 

In the future, further studies should be addressed to improve the chemose-lectivity and diastereoselectivity of the reductive coupling process, especially searching for novel reagents and milder experimental conditions. As a matter of fact, a few novel reductive couphng procedures which showed improved efficiency and/or stereoselectivity have not been further apphed to optically active imines. For example, a new electrochemical procedure which makes use of the spatially addressable electrolysis platform with a stainless steel cathode and a sacrificial aluminum anode has been developed for imines derived from aromatic aldehydes, and the use of the N-benzhydryl substituent allowed 1,2-diamines to be obtained with good yields and dl-to-meso ratios... 

Moreover, a dramatic increase of the reaction rate was observed when the coupUng of aromatic imines mediated by samariiun diiodide was carried out in the presence of both water and a tertiary amine or tetramethylethylene-diamine (TMEDA) [29], causing the almost instantaneous formation of the 1,2-diamine, although with undetermined diastereoselectivity. Similarly, the samarium diiodide promoted reductive coupling of iminiiun ions formed in situ by reacting ahphatic aldehydes with secondary amines and benzotriazole occurred at temperatures as low as - 70 °C [30]. Even in this case a mixture of diastereomers with undetermined ratio was obtained nevertheless, the item of diastereoselectivity induced by a chiral amine (auxiliary) is worthy of investigation. 

The asymmetric synthesis of unsymmetrical vicinal diamines by samarium diiodide induced reductive coupling of nitrones derived from aUphatic aldehydes with optically pure N-tert-butanesulfinyl aromatic imines has been recently reported [41]. For example, the reaction between nitrone 55 and... 

This synthetic sequence for an olefin synthesis has been further developed by Kocienski who has shown that eliminative desulphonylations carried out on / -acyloxysulphones are remarkably stereoselective for the synthesis of trans-disubstituted-olefins. The method has wide applicability in that a-lithio phenyl sulphones are readily generated, and are readily coupled to aldehydes or ketones, to give j8-hydroxysulphones. The hydroxyl function of these is then esterified and the synthesis is completed by the reductive elimination with sodium amalgam. Kocienski has prepared two reviews that summarize his syntheses of a range of natural products - one of which is diumycinoP obtained... 

R)-Benzoins and (/ )-2-hydroxypropiophcnonc derivatives are formed on a preparative scale by benzaldehyde lyase (BAL)-catalyzed C-C bond formation from aromatic aldehydes and acetaldehyde in aqueous buffer/DMSO solution with remarkable ease in high chemical yield and high optical purity (Eq. 8.112).303 Less-stable mixed benzoins were also generated via reductive coupling of benzoyl cyanide and carbonyl compounds by aqueous titanium(III) ions.304... 

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