Aldehydes glutaraldehyde

Aldehydes Glutaraldehyde Slight pH8 Respiratory complaints and contact dermatitis reported Eyes, sensitivity OES 0.2 ppm/0.7 mg rrr, tOmin only Non-corrosive, useful for heat sensitive instruments... 

When the bifunctional reactant is aldehyde (glutaraldehyde), cyanopiperidines 119 (Fig. 43) are obtained by reaction with hydrogen cyanide and primary amine, although one of the nitrile groups may be partially hydrolyzed to amide during the synthesis. ... 

Fig. 3.5 Glutaraldehyde. The best cross-Unking fixative with five carbons and two aldehydes, glutaraldehyde can bridge reactive groups. Not used for fluorescent immunocytochemrstry glutaraldehyde is the major fixative for electron microscopy...

Two aldehydes (qv) have made their mark in the field of disinfection, namely formaldehyde [50-00-0] and glutaraldehyde [111-30-8]. Other aldehydes do not match these compounds in activity (111,112). 

Aldehydes, e.g. glutaraldehyde 2% (w/v), 30min at room temperature Reserved for non-corrosive treatment of delicate items Must be freshly activated Not recommended for surface decontamination due to vapour toxicity (see Table 10.5)... 

A number of aldehydes possess antimicrobial properties, including sporicidal activity however, only two, formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, are used for disinfection. Both these aldehydes are highly effective biocides and their use as chemosterilants reflect this. 

Polyvinyl alcohols may be applied as such or in crosslinked form [90]. Crosslinkers can be aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde), to form acetals, maleic acid or oxalic acid to form cross-linked ester bridges, or others (e.g., dimethylurea, polyacrolein, diisocyanate, divinyl sulfonate) [89,91]. 

Colorimetry. Laboratory data on the persistence of biocides formulated in glutaraldehyde and acrolein are available [1260]. A colorimetric general aldehyde detection method based on m-phenylenediamine was used. Such studies follow the demand for better understanding of ecologic systems in the aspect of environmental protection. 

Bisulfite Adduct. A bisulfite addition complex of an aldehyde or dialdehyde has been proposed for use as an antimicrobial agent [1858,1859]. The complex is less toxic than free glutaraldehyde. In oil wells, its digestion by the sulfate-reducing bacteria releases the free dialdehyde that controls the bacteria. In these ways, a more economic and environmentally safer use of antimicrobial additives is likely. 

Combined Chlorine-Aldehyde Treatment A combined chlorine-aldehyde treatment that has two stages, that is, chlorination and subsequent biocide application, has been suggested. Short-residence-time shock doses of glutaraldehyde have been applied after chlorination [1180]. It has been established that a primary chlorination in overall bacterial control is useful. 

Schiff base interactions between aldehydes and amines typically are not stable enough to form irreversible linkages. These bonds may be reduced with sodium cyanoborohydride or a number of other suitable reductants (Chapter 2, Section 5) to form permanent secondary amine bonds. However, proteins crosslinked by glutaraldehyde without reduction nevertheless show stabilities unexplainable by simple Schiff base formation. The stability of such unreduced glutaraldehyde conjugates has been postulated to be due to the vinyl addition mechanism, which doesn t depend on the creation of Schiff bases. 

Glutaraldehyde also can be used to create aldehydes on amine-containing polymers. The use of this reagent in derivatizing chromatography supports and other soluble polymers is well known (Hermanson et al., 1992). 

Figure 1.105 Glutaraldehyde can undergo complex reactions with amine groups, resulting in aldehyde-containing derivatives that can be used in conjugation reactions.

By far, the two most popular fezs-aldehyde reagents are formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. 

Liposomes containing PE residues can be reacted with glutaraldehyde to form an activated surface possessing reactive aldehyde groups. A 2-step glutaraldehyde reaction strategy is probably best when working with liposomes, since precipitated protein would be difficult to remove from a vesicle suspension. 

Hassell, J., and Hand, A. (1974) Tissue fixation with diimidoesters as an alternative to aldehydes. I. Comparison of cross-linking and ultrastructure obtained with dimethylsuberimidate and glutaraldehyde./. Histochem. Cytochem. 22, 223-239. 

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