Monohydric alcohols, oxidation

Ammonium hydroxide Butyl alcohol Copper oxide (ic) Platinum Sodium hydroxide Zinc bromide Zinc sulfate Zinc sulfate monohydrate razors, elec. 

Sofid sodium permanganate monohydrate has been shown to be a selective synthetic reagent (156). It is typically used in hexane for the heterogeneous oxidation of aldehydes, alcohols, and sulfides. Synthetic methodology based on crystal surfaces exhibited greater selectivity, higher yield, and easier work-up as compared to aqueous permanganate reactions. 

Esterification is one of the most important reactions of fatty acids (25). Several types of esters are produced including those resulting from reaction with monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, ethylene or propylene oxide, and acetjiene or vinyl acetate. The principal monohydric alcohols used are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, and isobutyl alcohols (26) (see Esterification Esters, organic). 

The reaction of lead tetraacetate (LTA) with monohydric alcohols produces functionalization at a remote site yielding derivatives of tetrahydrofuran (THF) 12). An example is the reaction of 1-pentanol with LTA in nonpolar solvents which produces 30% THF. The reaction, which is believed to proceed through free-radical intermediates, gives a variable distribution of oxidation products depending on solvent polarity, temperature, reaction time, reagent ratios, and potential angle strain in the product. 

Other synthetics derived from petroleum, having high viscosity index, low volatility, and low pour point, include polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene monohydroxy compounds (22). These can be made by an addition reaction between a monohydric alcohol and an alkylene oxide. 

Cadmium Acetate. Cadmium acetate [543-90-8], Cd(CH3COO)2 vdLO, can exist as the anhydrous salt (n = 0) mp 256°C, d = 2.341 g/mL or as one of a series of hydrates (n = 1-3). The anhydrous material may be prepared by treating cadmium nitrate with acetic anhydride or by very careful heating and drying the dihydrate at 130°C. The cadmium acetate dihydrate [5743-044], d = 2.01 g/mL, is obtained by dissolving cadmium metal or its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate in acetic acid and crystallizing. Cadmium acetate monohydrate [543-90-8] may be obtained from the dihydrate by careful drying. All acetates are very soluble in water and alcohols. 

Practical advantage of the method is that it does not require dry solvents. The resolving agent can be prepared by simple solution of DBTA monohydrate and half an equivalent amount of calcium oxide in hot 95 % ethyl alcohol. Crystallization of the diastereoisomeric coordination complex can be achieved by cooling and addition of cosolvents (e.g. acetone, toluene, ethyl acetate, etc.) or change ethyl alcohol to an ester type solvent. The enantiomers can be liberated from the crystalline complex by simple acidic workup procedure. [23]... 

Coordination complex formation of alkoxyalcohols (8, 9, 10, 14), 2-butanol (15) and 1,3-butanediol (16, Scheme 7) with the zinc salt of DBTA was investigated, too. [25] The resolving agent (DBTAZn) was prepared again from DBTA monohydrate and zinc oxide or zinc acetate in aqueous ethyl alcohol solution. 

Pd2+ chelated by a functionalized polymer was reported to be active for the aerobic oxidation of almost all types of alcohols, such as monohydric and polyfunctional alcohols, as well as unsaturated alcohols (331-333). In this work, mono- as well as binuclear catalysts were formed on a polymer support with jS-di- and triketone surface ligands. For many reactants, a large increase in activity is observed in changing from the mono- to the binuclear... 

Lithium sulphite, Li2S03.- Evaporation of the solution obtained by the action of sulphur dioxide on lithium carbonate suspended in water yields the monohydrate, Li2S03,H20 addition of alcohol or ether precipitates the dihydrate, Li2S03,2H20. The sulphite is readily soluble in water, and is susceptible to atmospheric oxidation. Heat expels the water of crystallization, and causes partial decomposition into sulphate and sulphide. Double sulphites of lithium with potassium and sodium have been prepared.1... 

Sodium permanganate monohydrate, NaMn04 H20, which is commercially available, is used for the oxidation of alkenes to carboxylic acids [834] and of alcohols to carbonyl compounds [SJ5], the conversion of sul-finic acids into sulfonic acids [836], and the selective oxidation of sulfoxides to sulfones (sulfides are not oxidized with sodium permanganate in dioxane solutions) 837. ... 

In nonaqueous media, the oxidation of alcohols to acids is accomplished in heterogeneous systems by refluxing primary alcohols with solid sodium permanganate monohydrate in hexane (equation 232). The reaction is applicable even to allylic alcohols [555]. 

Sodium permanganate, which is used as its monohydrate in solid form in refluxing dichloromethane or hexane, oxidizes allylic alcohols more slowly and in lower yields than the saturated alcohols. 2-Cyclohexen-l-ol, after a 24-h reflux in hexane, furnishes a 47% yield of the ketone, whereas cyclohexanol gives a 100% yield after 1.5 h [555]. 

For subcutaneous injection after reconstitution with either SWFi, LISP for single-dose ampules or BWFI (0.9% benzyl alcohol), LISP for multiple-dose vials. Each ampule contains either 37.5, 75, or 150 lU rFSH, 30 mg of sucrose, 1.11 mg of dibasic sodium phosphate, and 0.45 mg of monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate. 0-phosphoric acid and/or sodium hydroxide may be used prior to iyophiiization for pH adjustment, it may contain up to 15% of oxidized FSH. 

The molar mass of an aldehyde which is produced by the one degree oxidation of a monohydric alcohol is 46 g/mol. Calculate the molar mass of the alcohol used in this reaction. 

The initial step of the process is the formation of aluminum triethyl from aluminum metal, ethylene and hydrogen. In a second step ethylene is added to the aluminum triethyl causing the carbon chains to grow in increments of two carbon atoms. After the chain growth reaction the aluminum alkyl is oxidized to an aluminum alkoxide. The alkoxide is then hydrolyzed with water, forming fatty alcohols and alumina slurry. The alcohols and the alumina slurry can be separated from each other and processed into the final products. After drying of the slurry the alumina is obtained in the form of a high purity aluminum oxide monohydrate of boehmite or pseudoboehmite structure. 

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