Alcohol uptake

Ethanol (EtOH, alcohol ) naturally occurs in fruit in small quantities. Alcoholic drinks contain much higher concentrations. Their alcohol content is usually given as percent by volume. To estimate alcohol uptake and the blood alcohol level, it is useful to convert the amount to grams of ethanol (density 0.79 kg L ). For example, a bottle of beer (0.5 L at 4% v/v alcohol) contains 20 mb = 16 g of ethanol, while a bottle of wine (0.7 L at 12% v/v alcohol) contains 84 ml = 66 g ethanol. 

Carbohydrate metabolism of the liver 40 14 Alcohol uptake and degradation 59... 

Exogenous alcohol uptake in the body may occur in three ways ... 

DaMzIn (7-j3-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4 -hydroxyisofla-vone). C21H20O9, Mr 416.38, cryst., mp. 233-235 °C, [a]o -36.4° (0.02 m KOH). Isoflavone-glycoside from soybeans, Phaseolus lobata and other Fabaceae, 7-0-j8-D-glucopyranoside of daidzein (for structure, see isoflavones). D. reduces the alcohol uptake of alcohol-addicted experimental animals at. Alcohol 11,279 (1994) Physiol. Behav. 57,1155 (1995). gen. Chem. Eng. News (4. 12.) 1995,12.-[CAS552-66-9]... 

The observed scatter in the data is in part due to differences in measurement temperature, which was not well controlled in some of the cases, but it is mainly due to different membrane treatment previous to the alcohol uptake. As in the case of water uptake, methanol uptake from the liquid phase is higher than from the vapor phase when compared for the same membrane under the same treatment. This phenomenon, known as Schroeder s paradox, is related to the thermal history of the adsorbing polymer [90]. 

In Fig. 6.15 are summarized the sorption isotherms of methanol, ethanol and propanol by Nafion [272,281 ], along with the data for water. It can be observed that for alcohol activity higher than 0.5 the alcohol sorption follows the order methanol > ethanol > propanol, as expected according to the size of the sorbate. At low alcohol activities the alcohol uptakes were nearly identical. The behavior of water uptake is different and could be due to the fact that in one case [272] the membrane was used without treatment, while Zhao et al. [281] performed the measurements on the expanded form. In the last case the sorption of water is higher than methanol, while for the untreated membrane more methanol is sorbed in the membrane as compared to water. The data by Jalani et al. [276] for a cast Nafion membrane, not shown in Fig. 6.15, indicates a similar behavior, with the uptake order at high activities being water tv methanol > ethanol > propanol. 

Fig. 6.16 Alcohol uptake of Nafion 117 at room temperatiue as a fimction of the alcohol concentration (O) t-hutanol ( ) 2-propanol (A) ethanol (V) methanol. (Adapted fiom Ref. [282])...

The authors explained this behavior by resorting to differences in viscosity between methanol and higher alcohols, but a look to Fig. 6.16 showing the alcohol uptake of Nafion 117 membranes would indicate that the solubility of the alcohols could be also responsible for the observed dependence of permeability on alcohol concentration. 

Cychc alcohols are excellent targets for enantioselective enzymatic acylations. For example, acylation of (65) with vinyl acetate catalyzed by Hpase SAM-II gives the (R),(3)-ester with 95% ee (81). Similarly (66), which is a precursor for seratonin uptake inhibitor, is resolved in a high yield and selectivity with Amano Hpase P (82). The prostaglandin synthon (67) is resolved by the same method into the optically pure alcohol in 35% yield (83). 

The rate of hydrogen (or deuterium) uptake with homogeneous catalysts is usually faster in benzene-alcohol (methanol or ethanol) solvent systems or in acetone than in tetrahydrofuran or in benzene alone. Whereas... 

A solution of 20 g of 2-chloro-2. nitrobenzophenone in 450 ml of ethanol was hydrogenated at normal pressure and room temperature with Raney nickel. After uptake of about 6 liters of hydrogen the catalyst was filtered off, and the alcohol then removed in vacuo. The residue was distilled in a bulb tube at 0.4 mm and a bath temperature of 150° to 165°C giving a yellow oil. The oil was dissolved in alcohol, and on addition of water, needles of 2.amino.2. chlorobenzophenone melting at 58° to 60°C were obtained. 

For example, Novasina S.A. (www.novasina.com), a Swiss company specializing in the manufacture of devices to measure humidity in air, has developed a new sensor based on the non-synthetic application of an ionic liquid. The new concept makes simple use of the close correlation between the water uptake of an ionic liquid and its conductivity increase. In comparison with existing sensors based on polymer membranes, the new type of ionic liquid sensor shows significantly faster response times (up to a factor of 2.5) and less sensitivity to cross contamination (with alcohols, for example). Each sensor device contains about 50 pi of ionic liquid, and the new sensor system became available as a commercial product in 2002. Figure 9-1 shows a picture of the sensor device containing the ionic liquid, and Figure 9-2 displays the whole humidity analyzer as commercialized by Novasina S.A.. 

The first step in the complete biodegradation of primary alcohol sulfates seems to be the hydrolysis to yield alcohol. Sulfatases are able to hydrolyze primary alcohol sulfates. Different authors have isolated and used several sulfia-tase enzymes belonging to Pseudomonas species. The alcohol obtained as a result of the hydrolysis, provided that dehydrogenases have been removed to avoid the oxidation of the alcohol, was identified by chromatography and other methods [388-394]. The absence of oxygen uptake in the splitting of different primary alcohol sulfates also confirms the hydrolysis instead of oxidation [395, 396]. The hydrolysis may acidify the medium and stop the bacterial growth in the absence of pH control [397-399]. 

Naranjo CA, Sellers EM, Chater K, et al Non-pharmacological interventions in acute alcohol withdrawal. Clin Pharmacol Ther 34 214—219, 1983 Naranjo CA, Sellers EM, Roach CA, et al Zimelidine-induced variations in alcohol intake hy nondeptessed heavy drinkers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 35 374-381, 1984 Naranjo CA, Sellers EM, Sullivan ]T, et al The serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram attenuates ethanol intake. Clin Pharmacol Ther 41 266-274, 1987 Naranjo CA, Sullivan ]T, Kadlec KE, et al Differential effects of viqualine on alcohol intake and other consummatory behaviors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 46 301 -309,1989 Naranjo CA, Kadlec KE, Sanhueza P, et al Fluoxetine differentially alters alcohol intake and other consummatory behaviors in problem drinkers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 47 490 98, 1990... 

The oil phase included a fatty acid, a fatty alcohol and hydrocarbons. The emulsion had a pH of 5.1 to 5.4, exhibited emulsion and pH stability at 37 for at least 21 days, and was shown to be an oil-in-water type by being readily dispersible in water and by its uptake of a water-soluble dye. In inhibition... 

Apparent activation energies for the catalytic reactions were as expected about 80 kJ/mol for the formation of formaldehyde and 60 kJ/mol for the formation of acetaldehyde from the respective alcohols (Figure 3). The turnover rates of the samples were calculated either on the basis of the number of vanadiums (all of which could be assumed to be accessible) or by assuming that oxygen uptake counted the catalytic sites ... 

Tan, A.Y., Dular, R., and Innes, I.R., Alcohol feeding alters pHjdopamine uptake into rat cortical and brain stem synaptosomes, Prog. Biochem. Pharmacol., 18, 224, 1981. 

Yim, H.J. and Gonzales, R.A., Ethanol-induced increase in dopamine extracellular concentrations in rat nucleus accumbens are accounted for by increased release and not uptake inhibition, Alcohol, 22, 107, 2000. 

Jayne, J. T., Duan, S. X., and Davidovits, P. Uptake of gas-phase alcohol and organic acid molecules by water surfaces, J. Phys. Chem., 95, 6329-6336,1991. 

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