Sulfated polyoxyethylenated alcohols

Interfadal and Performance Properties of Sulfated Polyoxyethylenated Alcohols... 

Sulfate esters of alcohols or polyoxyethylene alcohols are prepared by reaction with sulfur trioxide in continuous falling-hlm plants, immediately followed by neutralization with sodium hydroxide to give the sodium salt (81). 

A variety of additives are incorporated into the dispersions as surfactants (Tween 80, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether, cetyl alcohol, and Pluronic F-68), plasticizers (dibutyl sebacate, oleic acid, and Myvacet 9-40), pigments, antiadherents (fumed silica), anticoagulant (Myvacet 9-40), preservatives (sorbic acid), and stabilizers (ammonia). ... 

Polyoxyethylenation of the C9 n and Ci6 i8 alcohol mixtures prior to sulfation generally improved their detergency considerably in the case of the C12 15 alcohol mixture, polyoxyethylenation prior to sulfation reduced its performance on Dacron-cotton permapress slightly and improved its performance on cotton. 

Zhong et al. (2003) studied the apparent solubility of trichloroethylene in aqueous solutions, where the experimental variables were surfactant type and cosolvent concentration. The surfactants used in the experiment were sodium dihexyl sulfo-succinte (MA-80), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyoxyethylene 20 (POE 20), sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), and a mixture of Surfonic- PE2597 and Witconol-NPIOO. Isopropanol was used as the alcohol cosolvent. Eigure 8.20 shows the results of a batch experiment studying the effects of type and concentration of surfactant on solubilization of trichloroethylene in aqueous solutions. A correlation between surfactant chain length and solubilization rate may explain this behavior. However, the solubilization rate constants decrease with surfactant concentration. Addition of the cosolvent isopropanol to MA-80 increased the solubility of isopropanol at each surfactant concentration but did not demonstrate any particular trend in solubilization rate of isopropanol for the other surfactants tested. In the case of anionic surfactants (MA-80 and SDS), the solubility and solubilization rate increase with increasing electrolyte concentration for all surfactant concentrations. 

Typical reaction conditions are 120-200°C and pressures of 0.2-0.8 MPa (2-8 bar) with potassium hydroxide or sodium alcoholates as catalyst (83). In the reaction with primary amines, both active hydrogens are replaced before further ethylene oxide addition leading to dipolyoxyethylene derivatives. Polyoxyethylenes have a terminal hydroxyl that may be further functionalized under conditions that do not damage the ether linkages, for example, sulfation. 

Vineland, NJ) or over-the-counter cosmetic creams promoted for improved hydration (L Oreal, Paris and Dior, Paris). More recently, parenteral liposome formulations of amphotericin B, doxorubicin, and dau-norubicin have been approved and marketed (ABELCET, Elan, the Liposome Co., Inc, Princeton, NJ AmBisome and DaunoXome, Nexstar/Fujisawa, Deerfield Park, IL Amphotec and Doxil, Sequus/ Alza, Menlo Park, CA), with others on the horizon for applications in photodynamic therapy. Although the vast majority of liposome preparations are constructed from phospholipids, other nonphospholipid materials can be used either alone or in mixtures to form bilayer arrays. One such example is Amphotec, which utilizes sodium cholesteryl sulfate as the primary lipid. Other liposome forming materials may include but are not limited to fatty-acid compositions, ionized fatty acids, or fatty acyl amino acids, longchain fatty alcohols plus surfactants, ionized lysophospholipids or combinations, non-ionic or ionic surfactants and amphiphiles, alkyl maltosides, a-tocopherol esters, cholesterol esters, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, sorbitan alkyl esters, and polymerized phospholipid compositions. ° ... 

The effect of changing the hydrophilic group from nonionic to anionic can be seen by comparing the soil removal properties of these same POE alcohols with two series of anionics made from the same hydrophobes, either by sulfating the alcohol mixture directly or after polyoxyethylenation with 3 or 6 mol of ethylene oxide. Using the same liquid no-phosphate formulation and the same laundering conditions at 49°C in 150 ppm hard water, the following results were obtained (Albin, 1973) ... 

Comparable results were obtained in formulations containing sodium silicate as a builder together with (M-5% sodium tripolyphosphate, using 250 ppm hard water and a bath temperature of 49°C (Illman, 1971). A nonionic surfactant prepared by polyoxyethylenation of a C12-15 alcohol mixture with 9-11 mol of ethylene oxide generally showed similar detergency to an anionic prepared by sulfation of a Ci2 i5 alcohol mixture previously polyoxyethylenated with 3 mol of ethylene oxide at all percentages of sodium tripolyphosphate, and both were considerably superior to a linear tridecylbenzenesulfonate and a sulfated C16-I8 alcohol mixture. The nonionic was somewhat better than the sulfated POE alcohol for removing nonpolar fatty soil from Dacron-cotton permapress, and the reverse was true for the removal of polar soil from Dacron-cotton permapress and carbon soil from cotton, but similar results for the two surfactants were obtained for clay removal from both Dacron-cotton permapress and cotton, and polar and nonpolar fatty soil from cotton. 

Nonionic and small molecular emulsifiers such as poly(vinyl alcohol), polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, and sodium lauryl sulfate can also be employed to make amino resin-type microcapsules. 

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