Alcohol aliphatic diols

From the preceding discussion, it is easily understood that direct polyesterifications between dicarboxylic acids and aliphatic diols (Scheme 2.8, R3 = H) and polymerizations involving aliphatic or aromatic esters, acids, and alcohols (Scheme 2.8, R3 = alkyl group, and Scheme 2.9, R3 = H) are rather slow at room temperature. These reactions must be carried out in the melt at high temperature in the presence of catalysts, usually metal salts, metal oxides, or metal alkoxides. Vacuum is generally applied during the last steps of the reaction in order to eliminate the last traces of reaction by-product (water or low-molar-mass alcohol, diol, or carboxylic acid such as acetic acid) and to shift the reaction toward the... 

The enzymatic synthesis of polyesters from activated diesters was achieved under mild reaction conditions. The polymerization of bis(2,2,2-trichloroethyl) glutarate and 1,4-butanediol proceeded in the presence of PPL at room temperature in diethyl ether to produce the polyesters with molecular weight of 8.2 x 10. Vacuum was applied to shift the equilibrium forward by removal of the activated alcohol formed, leading to the production of high molecular weight polyesters. The polycondensation of bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) sebacate and aliphatic diols took place using lipases BC, CR, MM, and PPL as catalyst in diphenyl ether. Under the... 

A dispersant that can be used in drilling fluids, spacer fluids, cement slurries, completion fluids, and mixtures of drilling fluids and cement slurries controls the rheologic properties of and enhances the filtrate control in these fluids. The dispersant consists of polymers derived from monomeric residues, including low-molecular-weight olefins that may be sulfonated or phosphonated, unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, ethylenically unsaturated anhydrides, unsaturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, vinyl alcohols and diols, and sulfonated or phosphonated styrene. The sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid, and carboxylic acid groups on the polymers may be present in neutralized form as alkali metal or ammonium salts [192,193]. 

A similar reducing system is created by combining dilithium catecholate and trichlorosilane at —78° in tetrahydrofuran. It is speculated that the relatively unstable pentacoordinate bis(l,2-benzenediolato)hydridosilicate (61) is formed in situ and that it is this species that can reduce aldehydes and ketones, but not esters, to alcohols when they are added to the reaction mixture at 0° (Eq. 168).93 In a like manner, the dilithium salt of 2,2/-dihydroxybiphenyl, which forms a pentacoordinate intermediate that is stable enough to react at room temperature, can also be used to promote the reduction reaction. The alkoxides of aliphatic diols... 

In order to gain a better insight into these problems, a fundamental study of simple mono- and di-urethanes of the furan series was undertaken. This included the determination of their structure, properties and stability (35) and the mechanism and kinetics of their formation. The combinations investigated were furan alcohols and diols with aliphatic, aromatic and furanic isocyanates and the latter mono- and bis- derivatives with aliphatic and arylalkyl alcohols and diols. The furanic isocyanates prepared included 9 and those given below ... 

We, in most cases, have used a 2-meter column of polypropylene glycol (Ucon LB-550 X) on Celite 545 at 191° C. in helium flow and have succeeded in separating the aliphatic alcohols and diols. D. F. Percival s method (18) for separating diols from saponified polyesters should be adaptable to plasticizer analysis. 

Backvall et al. [10] have recently reported substantial improvements in the described process. A range of 1 -phenylethanol derivatives can be synthesized from the raeemates in excellent yields and >99 % ee by using a binuclear ruthenium complex combined with an immobilized lipase and a specifically designed acyl donor (4-Cl-PhOAc). Even aliphatic alcohols and diols... 

Highly branched and saturated oily Guerbet polymers having primary alcohols have been prepared by condensing 1,9-, 1,10-, or 1,12-aliphatic diols with behenyl alcohol and zinc oxide. To control the molecular weight, each polymer was capped with a C12 or higher fatty alcohol. 

After the butyl alcohol was removed, the polymers were built up by heating the melt under reduced pressure. Since these polyformals of aliphatic diols had very low melting points (below 75° C.), their utility was limited. Apparently, no higher melting points have been reported for polyformals. In attempts to obtain higher-melting polyformals, the following alicyclic diols were used cis-, trans-, and 1 to 1 cis-/trans- mixture of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-l,3-cyclobutanediol (I) trans-1,4-cyclohexanediol (II) tmiw-l,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (III) and 2,5- or 2,6-norbomanediol (IV). 

Complete miscibility of aliphatic diols with water occurs up to higher chain lengths than in the alcohol series, and hexane-1,2-diol is described as miscible with water. As the chain length increases further, adding water... 

Electrophilic Reactions.— The biphosphites (105) undergo alcohol exchange to give the phosphites (106) and (107), the latter existing in equilibrium with the spirophosphorane (108). The reaction of dialkyl phosphonates with aliphatic diols has been used to prepare polymers, but only when the hydroxy-groups are separated by more than six carbon... 

Another example of modeling the structure of this type of CSP is presented by Francotte and Wolf [47]. They prepared benzoylcellulose beads, in a pure polymeric form as a sorbent, for the chromatographic resolution of racemic compounds like benzylic alcohols and acetates of aliphatic alcohols and diols. Their experimental results implicated multiple interaction sites to be involved in the complexation. Rationalizing the interaction mechanism required a more systematic investigation of the factors influencing separations and, to address the structural features of the cellulose tribenzoate, they carried out molecular modeling with molecular mechanics. The key question being addressed is to what extent is the polysaccharide backbone exposed to small molecules when sterically encumbered benzoates are attached ... 

Oxidation of olefins in appropriate alcohols or diols to the corresponding ketals or ketones using the Pd(CH3CN)2Cl2/CuCl2/FeCl3 catalyst mixture was also applied to several other aliphatic, aromatic, and acrylic olefins (Table 11.3) ... 

Organic compounds such as aldehydes, alcohols, aliphatic, and aromatic 1,2-diols, nitrocompounds, and sugars have been determined by using two types of redox reactions. The analyte may be reduced with a metal ion in solution and the metal precipitate formed dissolved in nitric acid, and determined by AAS. Alternatively, the unreduced metal may be determined. The other type of method is based on the oxidation of the analyte with periodic acid or potassium permanganate, and addition of metal ion solution. The added metal ion forms, with the oxidized form of the analyte, either an insoluble compound or an uncharged metal complex which can be extracted into the organic phase. The atomic absorption of the metal ion is determined after dissolution of the precipitate or solvent extraction. 

CAS 107-88-0 EINECS/ELINCS 203-529-7 Synonyms 1,3-Butanediol Butane-1,3-diol 1,3-Butylene glycol p-Butylene glycol 1,3-Dihydroxybutane Methyltrimethylene glycol Classification Aliphatic diol polyhydric alcohol Empirical C4H10O2 Formula HOCH2CH2CHOHCH3 Properties Pract. colorless vise, liq., sweet flavor with bitter aftertaste sol. in water, alcohol, oxygenated soivs. m.w. 90.12 dens. 1.004-1.006 (20/20 C) vapor pressure 0.06 mm Hg (20 C) f.p. < -50 C b.p. 207.5 C flash pt. 121 C ref. index 1.4401 (20 C)... 

Hydroxystearic acid methyl ester. See Methyl hydroxystearate Hydroxystearic acid, monoester with glycerol. See Glyceryl hydroxystearate Hydroxystearic acid monoethanolamide. See Hydroxystearamide MEA 12-Hydroxystearyl alcohol CAS 2726-73-0 El NECS/ELINCS 220-342-6 Synonyms 1,12-Octadecanediol Classification Aliphatic diol Empirical C18H38O2... 

Crosslinked PHS. The concept of transacetalization can also be applied to PHS. However, since PHS does not contain aliphatic alcohol moieties, which are necessary for the effective crosslinking reaction, we have added aliphatic diols (HO-Z-OH) to the reaction mixture. Examples for suitable alcohols are ethylene glycol, 1,4-butane-diol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanediol, diethylene-glycol, 4,4 -isopropylidenedicyclohexanol and 1,3-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphtalene. The molecular weight of the resulting crosslinked polymer strongly depends on the amount and the type of the added diol. 

Poly(8-caprolactone) 1 is a simple, linear, aliphatic polyester formed by the ringopening addition polymerisation of 8-caprolactone, normally initiated by an alcohol or diol in the presence or absence of a catalyst. The polymer has a regular structure and is crystallisable. PCL crystallises to about 50% in the form of spherulites [10]. 

Aliphatic polyesters and polyesters formed from aromatic diacids and aliphatic diols eg, poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (3) cannot decompose by reversion of the polymerization, because the water, or alcohol, eliminated in the synthesis is no longer available. They initially decompose by /3-C—H transfer reactions via a six-membered transition state ... 

Besides catechol, 2,2-dihydroxy biphenyl also provides a ligand which produces an effective reducing reagent (3). However, aliphatic diols such as 1,2-ethanediol and pinacol produce reducing agents which are less effective and mono-alcohols were totally ineffective to reduce ketones under the conditions. 

Waxes in general can contain a wide range of different compounds, including aliphatic diols, free alcohols, hydrocarbons (especially squalene), aldehydes, ketones, hydroxy-ketones, p-diketones and sesquiterpenes. The composition and biochemistry of waxes in nature, and methods for their analysis, have been reviewed in a comprehensive monograph [491],... 

Fatty primary alcohols with similar aliphatic chains to fatty acids tend to occur in the free state in tissues at low concentrations only, but they may be of some metabolic importance as precursors of alkyl lipids, as plant growth regulators and as insect pheromones, for example. In addition, they are found in esterified form in wax esters, which are substantial components of many natural materials. Secondary alcohols may be present in plant surface waxes, together with aliphatic diols which are common constituents of skin lipids. In mammalian tissues, the primary alcohols are saturated or monoenoic, but never di- or polyunsaturated in wax esters of marine origin, the alcohol constituents are often closely related in structure to the fatty acids from which they may derive biosynthetically. The occurrence, chemistry and metabolism of fatty alcohols [577] and their chromatographic properties [577,579] have been reviewed. 

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