Albumin, sonicated

Protein concentration can be determined using a method introduced by Bradford,4 which utilises Pierce reagent 23200 (Piece Chemical Company, Rockford, IL, USA) in combination with an acidic Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 solution to absorb at 595 nm when the reagent binds to the protein. A 20 mg/1 bovine serum albumin (Piece Chemical Company, Rockford, IL, USA) solution will be used to prepare a standard calibration curve for determination of protein concentration. The sample for analysis of SCP is initially homogenised or vibrated in a sonic system to break down the cell walls. 

While the microbubbles with an albumin shell were already in development, other groups of researchers investigated the use of surfactants or fipid-stabilized microbubble shells. Pluronic-stabifized renografin-air bubbles were prepared, but their storage stability was unsatisfactory. It required sonication shear mixing immediately prior to administration into experimental animals [18]. Other materials fared considerably better. A combination of a hydrophobic Span and... 

A more complex case is the serum lipoprotein (74), shown in Figure 13. When sonicated into water, total lipids from both the low density (/ ) and high density (a) lipoproteins give rise to the high resolution spectra expected of molecules which have a high degree of motion. The spectra of the native lipoproteins show line widths nearly identical to those of the lipids alone, so that no additional motional constraints of the apolar portions of the phospholipids occur when the lipids are bound to the apoproteins of the blood lipoproteins. All the obvious peaks observed in the native lipoproteins can be accounted for by lipid protons, and no upheld shift of the methylene protons occurs. We can conclude that unlike the case of the lysolecithin-serum albumin system, the bonding of lipids to proteins is not apolar. In the serum lipoproteins the NMR results are consistent with a micellar structure and not with extensive apolar association of lipid with protein. 

Porter TR, Iversen PL, Li S, Xie F Interaction of diagnostic ultrasound with synthetic oligonucleotide-labeled perfluoro-carbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin microbubbles. J Ultrasound Med 1996 15 577-584. 

Juvenile hormones are lipophilic molecules and relatively insoluble in aqueous solutions. The solubility of JH I is approximately 3 x 10 2 mM in 0.2 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5 [32] changes in pH, buffer and ionic strength had no effect on solubility. The addition of proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and immunoglobulin G increases the solubility of JH I for example, in 5% BSA, a 1 mM solution of JH I can be made. Sonication also increases the solublity of the hormone by producing stable, finely dispersed micelles. Juvenile hormone III is more hydrophilic than JH I in 5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, the solubility of JH III is greater than 2 x 1CH mM [33]. However, its limited solubility must be recognized when preparing solutions. 

Chromosomal localization of the axl gene is done by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The biotin-labeled axl probe is from a cosmid vector containing a 41-kb genomic fragment. The slides with human metaphase cells for chromosomal DNA to be denatured are immersed into a solution of 70 % formamide-x4 in saline sodium citrate buffer (SSC) atpH 7.0 (0.15 M NaCl 0.015 M sodium citrate) at 70 °C for 2 min. For the slides, the hybridization mixture kept at 75 °C consists of 50 %formamide,xl SSC, 10 % dextran sulfate pH 7.0, and 150 mL unlabeled sonicated total human genomic DNA add 50-100 ng labeled probe. The mixture is incubated at 37 °C for 10 min. The slides are washed in 50 % formamide and SSC x3, 5 min each at 40 °C and in SSC x3 at 40 °C. The detection reagent consists of x4 SSC-0.1 % Triton, and 1 % bovine semm albumin for 3 washes 3 min each at 40 °C. The slides are incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated avidin at 37 °C for 30 min. Metaphase cells are counterstained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride 200 ng/mL in 2x SSC for 5 min at... 

Lucigenin is the next most frequently used emitter for the determination of isoprenaline or kanamycin by inhibition of the lucigenin-hydrogen peroxide-cobalt(II) system, and also for the determination of the trace amounts of dopamine. The chemiluminescent determination of protein in a micellar medium using FIA employs offline labeling of albumin by sonicating a mixture of 1 ml of albumin in NaHC03 (pH 11.5) and fluorescamine in acetone for 1 min at room temperature. 

Fig. 1 Elution profiles for (a) albumin and globulin, (b) gliadin, (c) glutenin, and (d) sonicated acetic acid extractable fractions run on FIFO automated FFF channel. Normal operating conditions are = 0-2, Vf = 1.4, and Fc = 5 ml/min.

Schneider, M., Bussat, P., Barrau, M-B., Arditi, M., Yan, F., Hybl, E. (1992) Polymeric microballoons as ultrasound contrast agents Physical and Ultrasonic properties compared with sonicated albumin. Invest. Radiol, 27, 134-139. 

Typically, an aqueous solution containing 5% BSA (bovine serum albumin) is sonicated at 20 kHz using a horn-type sonicator at relatively high acoustic power... 

Atala A, Wible JH, Share JC et al (1993) Sonography with sonicated albumin in the detection of vesicoureteral reflux. JUrol 150 756-758... 

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