Diagnostic ultrasound

Conventional power ultraaound Eitterided range for sonochemistry Diagnostic ultrasound... 

E.G. Schutt, D.H. Klein, R.M. Mattrey, J.G. Riess, Injectable microbubbles as contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound imaging The key role of perfluorochem-icals, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42 (2003) 3218-3235. 

High-frequency or diagnostic ultrasound in clinical imaging (3-10 MHz) Medium-frequency or therapeutic ultrasound in physical therapy (0.7-3.0 MHz) Low-frequency or power ultrasound for lithotripsy, cataract emulsification, liposuction, tissue ablation, cancer therapy, dental descaling, and ultrasonic scalpels (18-100 kHz)... 

Lubbers, J., R.T. Hekkenberg, and R.A. Bezemer. 2003. Time to threshold (TT), a safety parameter for heating by diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 29 755. 

J. Ophir and K.J. Parker, Contrast agents in diagnostic ultrasound, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 15 (1989) 319-333. 

Wesley L. Nyborg (2001) Assuring the Safety of Medical Diagnostic Ultrasound R. Julian Preston (2002) Developing Mechanistic Data for Incorporation into Cancer Risk Assessment Old Problems and New Approaches... 

Exposure Criteria for Medical Diagnostic Ultrasound I. Criteria Based on Thermal Mechanisms (1992)... 

Assuring the Safety of Medical Diagnostic Ultrasound by Wesley... 

Porter TR, Iversen PL, Li S, Xie F Interaction of diagnostic ultrasound with synthetic oligonucleotide-labeled perfluoro-carbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin microbubbles. J Ultrasound Med 1996 15 577-584. 

Thomenius KE. Impact of nonlinear propagation on temperature distributions caused by diagnostic ultrasound. Proc IEEE Ultrason Symp Vols. 1 and 2, 1998 1409-1413. 

Kremkau, F.D. 2001. Diagnostic Ultrasound Principles and Practice Principles and Instrumentation. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 

Diagnostic ultrasound for non-destructive testing and medical scanning, which has aroused much interest in both academia and industry. 

In 1927, Alfred Loomis first noticed the unusual chemical effects of cavitation. Dr Karl Dussik, a psychiatrist at the hospital in Bad Ischl, Austria, was the first person to report a medical use of diagnostic ultrasound in 1942 he was trying to locate brain tumours. The first application of ultrasounds to a reacting system was reported in 1946 and involved measuring the extent of polymerization in a condensation or radical process [1]. Over the following years, several other chemists explored sonochemistry but the field remained fairly quiet until the 1980s, when appropriate laboratory equipment became available. 

Smith DA, Porter TM, Martinez J, Huang S, MacDonald RC, McPherson DD, Holland CK (2007) Destruction thresholds of echogenic liposomes with clinical diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 33 797-809... 

Methods based on measuring the undissolved gas content of the liquid direct measurement of the volume change effect of undissolved gas on the electrical impedance of the source, transparency of the liquid to light (UV-visible), diagnostic ultrasound, X-rays and effect on electrical or acoustic permittivity or conductivity. 

All of the methods which involve radiation force measurement have been extensively used to calibrate diagnostic ultrasound systems with acoustic intensities of only a few milliwatts per square centimeter for which radiation balances are readily applicable. An accuracy of 2% has been quoted and acoustic powers as low as 10 pw have been detected. Less commonly it has been used for therapeutic systems at much higher energy with outputs of the order of several watts, although in this case the accuracy is somewhat lower [17]. 

Diagnostic ultrasound has advanced to a very exact science, particularly in the field of medical imaging indeed it is this field which has led the drive for increased accuracy in measurements [ 1 ]. Other areas have benefited from such developments for example diagnostic ultrasound can be used in polymer science. A review of this application has been presented by Pethrick in a chapter published previously in this series [2],... 

Figure 2. Uses of diagnostic ultrasound in food technology.

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