Albright

Albright T A, Burdett J K and Whangbo M-H 1985 Orbital Interactions In Chemistry (New York Wiley)... 

Supplied, for example, by Albright A Wilson Limited, 49 Park Lane, London, W. 1. 

R. A. Albright, Orbital Interactions in Chemistry John Wiley Sons, New York (1998). A. R. Leach, Molecular Modelling Principles and Applications Longman, Essex (1996). J. B. Foresman, JE. Frisch, Exploring Chemistry with Electronic Structure Methods Gaussian, Pittsburgh (1996). 

Red Phosphorus. This aHotropic form of phosphoms is relatively nontoxic and, unlike white phosphoms, is not spontaneously flammable. Red phosphoms is, however, easily ignited. It is a polymeric form of phosphoms having thermal stabiUty up to ca 450°C. In finely divided form it has been found to be a powerful flame-retardant additive (26,45—47). In Europe, it has found commercial use ia molded nylon electrical parts ia a coated and stabilized form. Handling hazards and color have deterred broad usage. The development of a series of masterbatches by Albright Wilson should facihtate further use. 

Insoluble Ammonium Polyphosphate. When ammonium phosphates are heated ia the presence of urea (qv), or by themselves under ammonia pressure, relatively water-iasoluble ammonium polyphosphate [68333-79-9] is produced (49). There are several crystal forms and the commercial products, avaUable from Monsanto, Albright WUson, or Hoechst-Celanese, differ ia molecular weight, particle size, solubUity, and surface coating. Insoluble ammonium polyphosphate consists of long chains of repeating 0P(0)(0NH units. 

A newer self-intumescent phosphoric acid salt has been introduced by Albright WHson as Amgard EDAP, mainly as an additive for polyolefins. It is a finely divided soHd, mp 250°C, having a reported phosphoms content of 63 wt % as H PO. It appears to be the ethylenediamine salt of phosphoric acid (1 1). Unlike ammonium polyphosphate, it does not require a char-forming synergist (62). 

Bis(2-Chloroethyl) 2-Chloroethylphosphonate. The commercial product, Albright Wilson s Antiblaze 78, is a mixture having various related higher boiling diphosphonates. This product is made by the Arbuzov rearrangement of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphite [140-08-9] ... 

Albright Wilson s Antiblaze 100. The synthesis (81) involves reaction of pentaerythritol and phosphoms trichloride to produce a... 

Oligomeric Cyclic Phosphonates. Albright Wilson s Antiblaze 19 and 1045 are mixtures of the material shown where x = 1 has the CAS... 

Albright Wilson s Vircol 82 is a diol mixture obtained by the reaction of propylene oxide and dibutyl acid pyrophosphate (112). The neutral Hquid has an OH number of 205 mg KOH/g and contains 11.3% phosphoms corresponding to the formula shown where x y = 3.4. The product is a mixture of isomers. 

Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium Salts. The reaction of formaldehyde (qv) and phosphine in aqueous hydrochloric or sulfuric acid yields tetrakis-(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride [124-62-1/, Albright Wilson s Retardol C, or the sulfate [55566-30-8] (Retardol S), (C4H 2C4P)2SO [55566-30-8]. 

These are water-soluble crystalline compounds sold as concentrated aqueous solutions. The methylol groups are highly reactive (118—122) and capable of being cured on the fabric by reaction with ammonia or amino compounds to form durable cross-linked finishes, probably having phosphine oxide stmctures after post-oxidizing. This finishing process, as developed by Albright Wilson, is known as the Proban process. 

The identification of Tris as a potential carcinogen dealt a resounding blow to the flame-retardant finishing industry. From 1977 to 1984, several principal supphers of flame-retardant chemicals either reduced the size of their operations or abandoned the market completely. However, Albright and Wilson Corp. (UK) continues to produce THPC—urea precondensate and market it worldwide, and Westex Corp. (Chicago) continues to apply precondensate—NH finish to millions of yards of goods for various end uses. American Cyanamid reentered the market with a precondensate-type flame retardant based on THPS. 

Albright and Wilson = A Daiuml hachi Chemical = D Bayer = B Hoechst = Ho American Cyanamid = AC Exxon Chemical = E Shell Chemical = S Henkel = He Sherex = Sh and AK = AKZO. 

C. Albright, ed.. Laser Welding Machining and Materials Processing, Spriager-Vedag, Berlin, 1986. 

L. E. Albright and C. Hanson, eds.. IndustrialandEaboratoy Nitrations, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1976. 

D. Albright, F. Berkhout, and W. Walker, World Inventory of Plutonium and Highly, Enriched Cranium 1992, Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K., 1993, p. 198. 

Pseudohypoparathyroidism is characterized by end-organ resistance to parathyroid hormone (98,108). This disease takes various forms, including Albright s hereditary osteodystrophy, which has unusual physical features and a generalized resistance to G-protein-linked hormones that function through cAMP as a second messenger. This defect is associated with a deficiency in the levels of the a-subunit of (109). Because this defect may be generalized, such patients also have olfactory dysfunction (110). 

The acid process has been operated since 1970 by Cytec Canada Inc. (Niagara Falls, Canada) and since 1980 by Albright and Wilson Ltd. (Oldbury, England). Many of the details of the process are considered to be proprietary because of its specialized nature. Nippon Chemicals has also been producing phosphine, probably by the acid process, in Japan since the early to mid-1980s. Typical properties of phosphine are given in Table 1. 

This provides a durable finish which, unlike many other flame retardants, can withstand repeated (50—100) launderiags without a loss of efficiency. An added advantage is that the feel of the cloth (hand) is Htde effected. Principal markets are ia the treatment of iadustrial protective clothing, military uniforms, and, ia Europe, for furnishings. These products are available from Albright Wilson Ltd. and Cytec Industries Inc. 

Biocides. Two phosphine derivatives are ia commercial use as biocides. These are tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate [55566-30-8] and tributyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride [8741-28-8]. These compounds are sold by Albright and Wilson Ltd. and EMC, respectively. The preparation... 

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