Alarm systems benefits

Brook stickleback and fathead minnows occupy the same habitat and are vulnerable to common predators. Individuals that detect alarm cues of co-habiting species may benefit by gaining early warning of danger. A field study by Mathis and Smith (1993) demonstrated that skin extract from fathead minnows is effective at inducing avoidance responses by stickleback. Brook stickleback exploit the alarm system of minnows and thus reduce their own risk of predation (Mathis and Smith, 1993 Wisenden et al., 1994). In a trap experiment by Wisenden et al. (1994), the duration of area avoidance by brook stickleback of areas marked with fathead minnow alarm substance was measured. They found that stickleback continued to avoid locations associated with predation risk after the source of the cue was removed, and only after 2-4 hours did the fish resume use of these risky areas. In a follow-up experiment, Wisenden et al. (1995) determined that fishes naive to the association of an area with alarm cue were the first to migrate into the risky area. Fishes present at the time of cue release did not return for 7 to 8 hours after the cue was removed. Perhaps the chief beneficiaries of chemical alarm cues are only those individuals present at the time of cue release. 

Costs. The benefits of sending the signal must exceed the costs for the alarm signal function to drive the evolution of the ASCs. In the case of the fish alarm systems the cost will be the production and storage of the alarm pheromone. Injury or death during the release process would presumably occur anyway and are not costs of the signal system. There is no... 

Results presented in Table 4 indicate contribution of each PSF to the overall likelihood of success for the task imder consideration. In the task 2 the dominant PSF is availability of established procedures (43% of the SLI) necessary to successful performing given task. This information can be useful for cost benefit analyses in terms of required modifications to be designed in HMI within alarm system in order to provide better awareness of situation by the operator and to mitigate the prohahihty of erroneous action committed hy the operator. 

Every facility can benefit from a review of its infrastructure. This includes all utilities, entrances/exits, process and production equipment, telephone and data lines, water supply, backup power systans, process controls, hazardous material storage tanks and pits, fire alarm systems, and sprinkler systems. Making a list of all infrastructure details is helpful when evaluating security vulnerability, as well as such mundane tasks as budget analysis, routine and preventive maintenance, and personnel responsibilities. 

The aim of a fire alarm system is to give warning of a fire and allow the building s occupants to escape. To obtain the greatest benefit from this... 

The second method uses dynamic limits that monitor the rate of change in the measurement parameters. This type of monitoring can detect minor deviations in the rate that a machine or system is degrading and anticipate when an alarm will be reached. The use of dynamic limits will greatly enhance the automatic diagnostic capabilities of a predictive maintenance system and reduce the manual effort required to gain maximum benefits. 

Such systems can generally recognize fires of 34,000 BTU/hr (lOkW) or greater at 33 ft (10 m) within a 90°cone of vision, and are immune to common false alarms such as hot CO2 emissions, reflections from flare radiation, black body radiation, and hot work. An added benefit is that the video image can be recorded for later analysis. 

The actions not needed to prevent the hazardous condition that may be of benefit for operational reasons. Such actions may include presentation of alarms, shut down of upstream or downstream units to reduce demands on other protection systems or actions that will enable fast start up once the cause of the hazard has been eliminated. It is important to separate these actions from the actions necessary to prevent the hazardous condition so as to minimize costs and restrict the boundary of the safety instrumented... 

Installing an automatic system that both detects and raises the alarm will significantly increase both life and building safety and can bring with it the following benefits ... 

Therefore, in the next study (Ben-Yaacov et al. 2002), using drivers with at least 5 years of driving experience, we evaluated the potential benefits of a dashboard-mounted, laser-based device that continuously monitored the distance to the car ahead and the speed of the car in which it was installed. This allowed the system to provide the driver time headway in real time, and to alert the driver (via a tone) whenever he or she drove below the recommended headway. For the purpose of this study, the alarm was set to go off whenever the headway decreased to less than 1.0 seconds. The drivers were instructed to drive as quickly as possible, while staying... 

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