Pheromones airborne

This suggests that the results may be due to airborne pheromonal substances ... 

Enders, F. (1975). Airborne pheromone probable in orb web spider Argiope aurantia (Araneidae). British Arachnological Society News 13 5-6. 

Females begin to emit pheromone 9 or more days after the adult molt (Bodenstein, 1970 Takahashi et al., 1976 Hawkins and Rust, 1977), but clearly, this is variable and temperature dependent. The attractancy of gut extracts made on the first day after the imaginal molt corresponds to that of 0.1 ng ( )-periplanone-B (Sass, 1983). During the next 20 days, the effectiveness of both fractions of the sex pheromone (periplanone-A and periplanone-B) in behavioral assays increases 100-fold and remains high for at least the next 45 days. Collection of airborne pheromone with Tenax followed by behavioral assays showed that periplanone-A and periplanone-B were released by 10-25-day-old females in equal amounts, equivalent to 0.6 ng periplanone-B per female per day (Sass, 1983). Yang et al. (1998) confirmed an increase in pheromone activity in the early adult but showed a decline in pheromone between days 20 and 30. 

Airborne pheromone and other odors are hydrophobic and tend to adsorb onto the waxy surface of the insect cuticle. Body surfaces thus can collect odors and become sources of background noise if these odors are later released. Degradation of these surface-bound odor molecules might significantly reduce such signal noise. 

Shani, a., and M.J. Lacey Convenient Method Applicable to Single Insects for Collection and Measurements of Blend Ratios of Airborne Pheromones from Artificial Sources. J. Chem. Ecol. 10, 1677-1692 (1984). 

For our purposes, oaks are important because they drop the acorns that determine how many white-footed mice successfully withstand the harsh winter months. Before winter arrives, however, a multitude of other factors has influenced the number of mice available to gather the acorns. One of these factors is the mice s reproductive activity, and this happens to be under the influence of some peculiar pheromones. Because they contribute to determining the number of mice, these chemicals also enter our story. They are airborne signals present in adult-mouse urine that affect the maturation and reproductive success of young female mice. 

The time-average model considers the average concentration of airborne materials at sites downwind from a point source. The concentration (or density D) of a pheromone at any one point with the coordinates x (downwind direction), j (horizontal crosswind [transverse] dimension), and z (vertical dimension) can be estimated with the following formula. 

Sachs, B. D. (1999). Airborne aphrodisiac odor from estrous rats implications for pheromonal classification. InAdvances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, vol. 8, ed. R. E. Johnston, D. Miiller-Schwarze, and P. W. Sorensen, pp. 333-342. New York Kluwer Academic-Plenum. 

The chiral alcohol, 2-methyl-4-octanol, was identified as an aggregation pheromone from airborne volatiles produced by male and females of the sugarcane weevil Sphenophorus levis. Enantiomeric resolution by GC with a chiral column showed that the natural alcohol possessed the S configuration. The alcohol elicited aggregation behavior among adults. ... 

Two pheromonal components were detected in airborne collections from the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus Signoret (Hemiptera Pseudococci dae) in Israel. They were identified as (5 )-lavandulyl senecioate (1) and (5)-lavandulyl isovalerate (II). Compound I has been identified as the sex pheromone of P. ficus in California. The report shows that feral P. ficus mealybugs produce and respond only to (I) whereas mealybugs reared in the laboratory on potato sprouts produce and respond to both (I) and (II). 

Papke, M.D., Riechert, S.E. and Schulz, S. (2001). An airborne female pheromone associated with male attraction and courtship in a desert spider. Animal Behaviour 61 877-886. 

Malosse, C.P., Ramirez-Lucas, D., and Rochat, J.M. 1995. Solid phase mictroextraction, an alternative method for the study of airborne insect pheromones (Metamasius hemipterus, Coleop-tera, Curculionidae). J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 18 669-700. 

The sensitivity and selectivity of olfaction and contact chemosensation are due (1) in the brain, to the existence of a neuronal network of neurons tuned to a specific chemical stimulus, and (2) in the periphery, to the existence of olfactory/ chemosensory receptor neurons housed in sensory microorgans called sensilla. The sensilla can best be viewed as simple cuticular porous extrusions that increase the surface that captures airborne odorants or chemicals dissolved in water droplets. They contain the receptive olfactory or chemosensory structures (Schneider, 1969). The olfactory sensilla are most numerous on the antennae and mediate the reception of sex pheromones and plant volatiles, as well as other odorants. Low volatility pheromones may also be detected by contact chemoreceptors on... 

The terpenoid-exocrine theme emphasized by scolytid beetles was again evident when the chemical constitution of the secondary attractant for the smaller European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus, was elucidated. The aggregation pheromone was identified as a mixture of (-)-4-methyl-3-heptanol, 2,4-dimethyl-5-ethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1]octane (multistriatin) (XXII), and (-)-a-cubebene (XXIII), a host-derived synergist (70). All three compounds are required for the maximum attraction of beetles. The inactive diastereomers of 4-methyl-3-heptanol and multistriatin did not inhibit the responses of airborne beetles. 

Two recent examples of isolation are gentisyl quinone isovalerate [185] and a novel p-lactone, vittatalactone [(3R,4R)-3-methyl-4-(l,3,5,7-tetramethyloctyl)oxetan-2-one [118]. The fornier is a female sexual pheromone which was isolated from the German cockroach Blattella germanica), and the latter is an aggregation pheromone which was isolated from collections of airborne volatile compounds from feeding male striped cucumber beetles, Acalymma vittatum. 

Sachs BD (1999) Airborne aphrodisiac odor from estrous rats implication for pheromonal classification. In Johnston RE, Miiller-Schwarze D, Sorensen PW (eds) Advances in chemical signals in vertebrates. Plenum, New York, pp 333-342... 

Browne, L.E., M.C. Birch, and D.L. Wood Novel Trapping and Delivery Systems for Airborne Insect Pheromones. J. Insect Physiol. 20, 183-193 (1974). 

Byrne, K.J., W.E. Gore, G.T. Pearce, and R. Silverstein Porapak Q Collection of Airborne Organic Compounds Serving as Models for Insect Pheromones. J. Chem. Ecol. 1, 1-7 (1975). 

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