Agriculture antibiotics

Migliore L., S.C. Sivitareale, G. Brambilla, and G. Dojtni Di Delupis (1997). Toxicity of several important agricultural antibiotics to Artemia. Water Research 31 1801-1806. 

Blasticidin S. Blasticidin S is the first successful agricultural antibiotic developed in Japan. It was isolated from the culture filtrates of Streptomyces griseochromogenes by Takeuchi et al. (7), and the potent curative effect of blasticidin S on rice blast was found by Misato et al. (8) Thereafter the benzyl-aminobenzene sulfonate of blasticidin S was reported to be least phytotoxic to the host plant without reducing antifungal activity against Pyricularia oryzae, the pathogen of rice blast (9), and... 

Selective toxicity to target organisms Since most antibiotics have selective toxicity to target organisms and low toxicity to mammals as shown in Table III, they can be safely used without harming man, livestock, fish and crops. Mode of action of agricultural antibiotics are summarized in Table XV. 

Small amount of compound used in a unit area Since agricultural antibiotics are sprayed at very low concentration as shown in Table V, the amount of compounds sprayed in a unit area is far less (1/10 - 1/100) than that of other conventional pesticidal chemicals. Also antibiotics would be rapidly degraded by soil microorganisms. Therefore, it is expected that the use of agricultural antibiotics does not bring about the possibility of environmental pollution. 

Public health aspects. A limited number and a relatively small quantity of medical antibiotics have been introduced in agricultural use as shown in Table I. Most agricultural antibiotics have been used only for plant protection purposes and not used in medical treatment. Therefore, the public s concern for the environmental problem of antibiotics must be different in the two areas where antibiotics are used. Agricultural antibiotics do not involve primarily the health of the individual, but their use has macroenvironmental consequences. Most human infectious diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses, while plant pathogens... 

Today, the number of antibiotics already discovered may amount to several hundred, and of these the number of compounds effective against plant diseases is close to Ally. In this chapter only those antibiotics which have already been applied to agricultural practice for plant protection or which are promising as future agricultural antibiotics will be discussed in detail. 

Blasticidin S (1) represents the first agricultural antibiotic developed in Japan. The compound has been isolated from culture broth of Streptomyces chriseochro-mogenes [2] and the chemical structure has been elucidated [3, 4]. Blasticidin S... 

Misato T. Mode of action of agricultural antibiotics developed in J n. Residue Rev 1969 ... 

The application of electroanalytical methods in food control is closely related to the use of these methods for the determination of drugs and their metabolites in vivo. The main feature in common is the fact that the contaminants have to be first detected and then quantitated. Mainly pesticide materials used in agriculture, antibiotics necessary in cattle-breeding and actual environmental pollutants are to be determined mostly in very low concentrations. The addition of anabolics like estrogens to fodder is strictly forbidden in most countries but the farmers very often... 

---