Cognitive aging

Sliwinski M, Buschke H. (1999). Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships among age, cognition, and processing speed. Psychol Aging. 14(1) 18-33. 

The severity of the disorder appears to contribute to the neuropsychological deficits this relationship is most clearly recognized in the so-called melancholic subtype of depression. Another relevant factor is age cognitive deficits are generally more severe and more widespread in old than in younger depressed patients (Butters et al., 2000). 

Waddington, J., 8c Youssef, H. (1988). Tardive dyskinesia in bipolar affective disorder Aging, cognitive function, course of illness, and exposure to neuroleptics and lithium. American Journal of Psychiatry 145, 613-616. 

Davis DG, Schmitt FA, Wekstein DR, Markesbery WR (1999) Alzheimer neuropathologic alterations in aged cognitively notmtd subjects. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58 376-388 de Carvalho CV, Payao SL, Smith MA (2000) DNA methylation, ageing and ribosomal genes activity. Biogerontology 1 357-361... 

Deary IJ, Whiteman MC, Pattie A et al (2002) Ageing cognitive change and the APOE epsilon 4 allele. Nature 418 932... 

The German Study on Aging, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe) has aEo shown an increased risk of dementia in those who take long-term drugs anticholinergic (HR=2.1) [107 ]. 

SWS/SWA, in particular, may play an important role in somatic and cognitive restoration, including the consolidation of certain forms of procedural and declarative memory. A substantial diminution in the amount of SWS/SWA occurs across the human lifespan. This decline is beginning already in adolescence and middle-aged adults have only 25% of the SWS observed in young adults, whereas the elderly have almost none. While the clinical importance of these phenomena is unknown, it is reasonable to speculate that they may be related to the increase of sleep complaints associated with aging. 

The inconsistent effects of caffeine in cognitively mediated performance tasks may result from differences in age groups, dosage levels, and environmental factors.124-125 The latter have been shown to substantially affect arousal126-127 in both adults128-129 and children.130-131 Office noise is effective in increasing self-reported arousal,132 as are white noise in the laboratory,94 exercise,133 and stress.134 Such environmental factors are sources of arousal and can interact with stimulants like caffeine.135... 

Riedel, W. and Jolles, J., Cognition enhancers in age related cognitive decline. Drugs Aging, 8(4), 245-474, 1996. 

NS (general population) Developmental Lower scores in test of Cognitive Function at 5 and 10 years of age 6.5 (mean at 24 months of age) Bellinger et al. 1991,1992... 

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