African dust

Avila, A., I. Queralt-Mitjans, and M. Alarcon, Mineralogical Composition of African Dust Delivered by Red Rains over Northeastern Spain, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21977-21996 (1997). 

Chiapello, I., G. Berganietti, B. Chatenet, P. Bousquet, F. Dulac, and E. Santos Soares, Origins of African Dust Transported over the Northeastern Tropical Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13701-13709 (1997). 

Li-Jones, X., and J. M. Prospero, Variations in the Size Distribution of Non-Sea-Salt Sulfate Aerosol in the Marine Boundary Layer at Barbados Impact of African Dust, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16073-16084 (1998). 

Based on their measurements of North African dust transported to the Barbados, Li et al. (1996) estimate that over a 10-year period, dust contributed about 56% of the total light scattering. Similarly, Tegen et al. (1997) estimate using a global transport model that scattering and absorption of light by submicron soil... 

Fig. 4 Mean annual African dust contribution (in pg/m3) to PMio levels for the Mediterranean Basin during 2001-2007 at EMEP sites. Source Querol et al. [5, 6]...

Querol X, Pey J, Pandolfi M, Alastuey A, Cusack M, Perez N, Moreno T, Viana M, Mihalopoulos N, Kallos G, Kleanthous S (2009) African dust contributions to mean ambient PM10 mass-levels across the Mediterranean Basin. Atmos Environ 43 4266-4277... 

Zhu, X., Prospero, J.M. and Millero, F.J. (1997) Diel variability of soluble Fe11 and soluble total iron in North African dust in the trade winds at Barbados./. Geophys. Res., 102, 21297-21305. 

Prospero J. M. (1999) Long-range transport of mineral dust in the global atmosphere impact of African dust on the environment of the southeastern United States. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3396-3403. 

Measures C. I. and Brown E. T. (1996) Estimating dust input to the Atlantic Ocean using surface water A1 concentrations. In The Impact of African Dust across the Mediterranean (eds. S. Guerzoni and R. Chester). Kluwer, Dordrecht, 398pp. 

EgUnton T. I., Eglinton G., Dupont L., Sholkovitz E. R., Montlugon D., and Reddy C. M. (2002) Composition, age, and provenance of organic matter in NW African dust over the Atlantic Ocean. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. (G3) 3(8). 

In addition, there are other features favoring the occurrence of higher ambient air concentrations of mineral dust in the Mediterranean basin. First, the Mediterranean is frequently affected by African dust outbreaks. Second, because of the low precipitation rates in the Eastern Mediterranean, soils exhibit a poor vegetal coverage in such a way that resuspension of natural and accumulated road traffic dust is enhanced with respect to cities located in more rainy regions (Graham et al. 

Avila, A., Queralt-Mitjans, I., and Alarcon, M. 1997. Mineralogical composition of African dust dehvered by red rains over northeastern Spain. Journal of Geophysical Research 102(D18) 21977-21996. 

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