Aflatoxins from Aspergillus flavus

Hepatotoxic, e.g. from Amanita phalloides (death cap mushroom), from Senecio (ragwort) and Crotalatia and from bush teas prepared from these plants in the Caribbean. Aflatoxin, from Aspergillus flavus, a fungus which contaminates foods, is probably a cause of primary liver cancer. 

Substituted coumarins (aflatoxins), from Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. 

An aflatoxin is isolated from Aspergillus flavus. Which of the three aflatoxins, Bi, Gi or Mj, is it given the set of NMR experiments 43 ... 

Aflatoxin Bj, from Aspergillus flavus growing on peanuts (Arachis hypogea)... 

Fungal mycotoxins, including aflatoxin Bi derived from Aspergillus flavus, contaminate cereals, grains, and nuts, and aflatoxin Bj ingestion is correlated with a high incidence of liver cancer in animal models and humans. Aflatoxins are heterocyclic and contain several endocyclic oxygen molecules. They are... 

Aflatoxins B2a(ii) and G2a(I2) are the hemiacetals of aflatoxins B i) and Gt(9) respectively and can be isolated as a metabolite from Aspergillus flavus molds64, or, in the case of B ii), as a liver metabolite of aflatoxin B i)65. The structures were identified by spectral comparisons with compounds that were prepared by the acid catalyzed hydroxylation66-68 and acetoxylation of aflatoxins Bt(i) and G S ) respectively69,70. ... 

Parasiticol (76) was isolated by Heathcoate80) and Stubblefield9) from Aspergillus flavus cultures. Detailed n. m. r. analysis of this mycotoxin revealed it to be a close structural relative of aflatoxin Gj(9). The fact that the infrared spectrum indicated that the dilactone system of aflatoxin Gi(9) was absent, in conjuction with a wealth... 

A review of pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils, some of which are found in Kenya and their individual constituents has also been reported. At its sublethal doses, the oil of Cymbopogon citratus was found to completely inhibit aflatoxin Bi production from Aspergillus flavus. These findings show the potential of this oil as an effective inhibitor of biodegradation and storage contamination fungi and also in fruit juice preservation. The essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare has hepatoprotective activity due to the... 

PAYNE, G.A., NYSTROM, G.J., BHATNAGAR, D., CLEVELAND, T.E., WOLOSHUK, C.P., Cloning of the afl-2 gene involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis from Aspergillus flavus, Appl Environ. Microbiol, 1993, 59, 156-162. 

Aflatoxin B - This metabolite, obtained from Aspergillus flavus, inhibited strains of Streptomyces and Nocardia without showing antibacterial activity. 1. 1... 

Contamination of soybeans with Aspergillus flavus is found in approximately 50% of commercial samples. Fortunately, the incidence of aflatoxin from this route is quite low. Moisture at [he time of maturity, development of the seed in a closed pod, and binding of zinc by phytic acid are suggested as reasons for resistance of soybeans to aflatoxin production... 

The aflatoxins are a group of related mycotoxins produced by the mould Aspergillus flavus. There are four toxins, B, B2, G, and G2. The mould typically grows on crops such as grain and peanuts in hot, humid climates. There is evidence from epidemiology of an association between exposure to aflatoxin Bi in the diet and liver cancer in humans. Aflatoxin Bj is metabolized by the enzyme system cytochrome P450 in the liver to a chemically reactive metabolite (see pp. 19-23 and fig. 25), which reacts with molecules such as DNA and protein in liver cells. 

The first poison to be isolated from a mold is afla-toxin. This and other poisonous substances produced by molds and other fungi are referred to as mycotoxins. Some mycotoxins are deadly to humans in tiny doses, others will only affect certain animals. Aflatoxin was first isolated in 1960 in Great Britain. It was produced by Aspergillus flavus that had been growing on peanuts. In that year, aflatoxin had been responsible for the death of 100,000 turkeys. In fact, it was the massive financial loss from these deaths that led to the research that discovered aflatoxin. 

The US Food and Drug Administration has set regulatory limits for aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus. Health Canada has set limits for zearalenone (from Fusarium and some other molds). However, the majority of mycotoxins do not have regulatory limits. 

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