Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus

Studies on S-layers present on the cell envelopes of a great variety of pathogenic organisms [100] revealed that these crystalhne arrays can represent important virulence factors. Most detailed studies have been performed on the fish pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas salmonicida and Aeromonas hydrophila [102] and the human pathogen Campylobacter fetus uh p. fetus [103] and Bacillus anthracis [104]. For example, whole-cell preparations or partially purified cell products are currently used as attenuated vaccines against various fish pathogens [102,105]. 

PHA is produced by different bacterial strains. One of the most studied strain is C. necator (formerly known as Wautersia eutropha, Ralstonia eutropha or Alcaligene eutrophus). It was used in industrial production by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI PLC) to produce P(3HB-co-3HV) under the trade name of BiopoF. The Biopol patents have now been acquired by Metabolix Inc. (USA) (Verlinden et al. 2007). Until now, C. necator is still being used widely for bacterial fermentation as it is an efficient strain. Other important strains that have been studied for PHA production are Bacillus spp., Alcaligenes spp.. Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas hydrophila, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, recombinant Escherichia coli, Burkholderia sacchari, and Halomonas boliviensis (Verlinden et al. 2007). 

Yilmaz M, Soran H, Beyatli Y (2005) Determination of poly-P-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by some Bacillus spp. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 21 565-566 Zhao HY, Li HM, Qin LF, Wang HH, Chen G-Q (2007) Disruption of the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase gene in Aeromonas hydrophila reduces its survival ability under stress conditions. FEMS Microbiol Lett 276 34-41... 

CHEN R, ZHOU z, CAO Y, BAi Y and YAO B (2010) High yield expression of an AHL-lactonase from Bacillus sp. B546 in Pichia pastoris and its application to reduce Aeromonas hydrophila mortahty in aquaculture, Microb Cell Fact,... 

Acetone, diethyl ether, and ethanol extracts of the lichen Cetraria aculeata for their antimicrobial activity have been evaluated. The extracts were found active against Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Proteus vulgaris. Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus. Bacillus subtilis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Listeria monocytogenes. However, no antimicrobial activity against the fungi was detected (Tiirk et al. 2003). The lichen extract almost... 

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