Adrenaline injection

Chemical stability. Some medicaments undergo chemical change in aqueous soluhons. If the change is due to oxidation, a reducing agent such as sodium metabisulphite is included (e.g. Adrenaline Injection BP). 

Adrenaline in bupivacaine/adrenaline injection is assayed by complex formation with iron (II). 20 ml of the injection is mixed with 0.2 ml of reagent and 2 ml of buffer and a reading is taken in a 4 cm pathlength cell. A reading of a solution containing 5.21 pg/ml of adrenaline is taken under the same conditions. 

Assay of adrenaline injection by chromatography with an anionic ion-pairing agent... 

Figure 15.3 shows aqueous phase acylation of adrenaline in an injection with acetic anhydride. The reaction is carried out in the presence of aqueous sodium bicarbonate and is used in a gravimetric determination of (-) adrenaline in Adrenaline Injection BP. 

Guinea pigs, hamsters, or mice are anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (i.p.) and Rompun (i.m.) and placed on an electrically warmed table at 37 °C. The carotid artery is cannulated for blood withdrawal and the jugular vein is cannulated to administer the thrombocytopenia-inducing substances collagen + adrenaline (injection of the mixture of both within 10 s) or PAF or thrombin. In mice collagen + adrenaline are injected into a tail vein. 

Acute urticaria (named after its similarity to the sting of a nettle, Urtica) and angioedema usually respond well to Hj receptor antihistamines, although severe cases are relieved more quickly with use of adrenaline (epinephrine) (adrenaline injection 1 mg/ml 0.1-0.3 ml, s.c.). A systemic corticosteroid may be needed in severe cases. 

A more unusual site of adrenaline injection has been described in a Canadian report (10). 

Hypersensitivity reactions to potassium metabisulfite and other sulfites, mainly used as preservatives in food products, have been reported. Reactions include bronchospasm and anaphylaxis some deaths have also been reported, especially in those with a history of asthma or atopic allergy. " These reactions have led to restrictions by the FDA on the use of sulfites in food applications. However, this restriction has not been extended to their use in pharmaceutical applications. Indeed, epinephrine (adrenaline) injections used to treat severe allergic reactions may contain sulfites. ... 

Cl. Cannon, W. B., and Gray, H., Factors affecting the coagulation time of blood. II. The hastening or retarding of coagulation by adrenaline injections. Am. J. Phytiol. 34, 232-242 (1914). 

Stepensky D, Chorny M, Dabour Z, Schumacher 1 (2004) Long-term stabdity study of L-adrenaline injections kinetics of sulfonation and racemrzation pathways of drug degradation. J Pharm Sci 93 969-980. 

Oratz, R., Hauschild, A., Sebastian, G., Schadendorf, D., Castro, D., Brocket, E. B. and Orenberg, E. K., Intratumoral cisplatin/adrenaline injectable gel for the treatment of patients with cutaneous and soft tissue metastases of malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res., 13(1), 59, 2003... 

The development and use of adrenaline in the treatment of asthma was a major advance. In 1900, Solis-Cohen (19) injected crude adrenal extract into patients with asthma and hay fever. Shortly afterwards, Bullowa and Kaplan (20) reported the successful use of adrenaline injection. This became established as a standard therapy for relief of severe attacks of asthma. By 1911 a nasal spray containing adrenaline was in use for asthma and as a decongestant for hay fever and rhinitis. 

Adrenaline injection various strengths (several manufacturers)... 

The adrenaline is determined as Lignocaine and Adrenaline Injection omitting the ether extraction. 

Effects of Adrenaline Injection.—Adrenaline is a sympathomimetic amine, and produces effects similar to the stimulation of structures innervated by the sympathetic system, the sweat-glands being a... 

Olycogenolysia and Increase in Lactic Acid Content of Blood.— This is accompanied by a corresponding breakdown of muscle glycogen. The excess lactic acid is resynthesised to glycc en in the liver, and in turn serves to raise the level of blood sugar. Thus, adrenaline injection causes a mobilisation of carbohydrate in the blood, and may be described as a glucokinetic hormone. 

If an infiltration type of anaesthetic injection is used, a great deal of bloody oozing can be prevented by adrenaline injection, while at the same time an increased duration of anaesthesia is obtained. 

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