Adhesion of Rubber

The solvent plays an important role in the performance of rubber base adhesives. The solvent is the carrier for all components of the adhesive. Furthermore, the solvent controls the viscosity, open time, tack and adhesion of rubber base adhesives. 

Carboxylic Acids Primers to Improve the Adhesion of Rubber.770... 

The improved adhesion of rubber soles treated with TCI solutions are due to the contribution of several mechanisms of adhesion ... 

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS PRIMERS TO IMPROVE THE ADHESION OF RUBBER... 

Author thanks M.D. Romero-Smchez and C.M. Cepeda-Jimenez for obtaining most of the experimental results included in this chapter. Author also thanks the Spanish Research Agency (MICYT, Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia) and the Valencian Community Research Agency (Conselleria de Educacion y Ciencia, Generalitad Valenciana) for granting different projects in the improvement of adhesion of rubber. 

Bemabeu-Gonzalvez A., Pastor-Bias M.M., and Martm-Martmez J.M., 1998, Modified adhesion of rubber materials by surface migration of wax and zinc stearate, in Proceedings of the World Polymer Congress, 37th International Symposium on Macromolecules MACRO 98, Gold Coast, Australia, 705. Romero-Sanchez M.D., Pastor-Bias M.M., and Martm-Martmez J.M., 2001, Adhesion improvement of SBR rubber by treatment with trichloroisocyanuric acid solutions in different esters, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 21, 325-337. 

The low temperature ene reaction of triazolinediones with polydienes occur under heterogeneous conditions to yield hydrophilic surfaces, especially after neutralization of the resulting pendant urazole groups. Permanent hydrophilic surfaces can be obtained when (TD)2DPM is used. The use of the other RTDs tested results in surfaces that lose their hydrophilicity within 5-20 days. In applications such as improving the adhesion of rubber to other substrates, these reagents are probably sufficient (18). However, when more permanent hydrophilic surfaces are desired a bis-triazolinedione such as (TD)2DPM would be required. 

Insoluble Sulfur. In natural rubber compounds, insoluble sulfur is used for adhesion to brass-coated wire, a necessary component in steel-belted radial tires. The adhesion of rubber to the brass-plated steel cord during vulcanization improves with high sulfur levels ( 3.5%). Ordinary rhombic sulfur blooms at this dose level. Crystals of sulfur on the surface to be bonded destroy building tack and lead to premature failure of the tire. Rubber mixtures containing insoluble sulfur must be kept cool (<100°C) or the amorphous polymeric form converts to rhombic crystals. 

The adhesion of rubber to PET fibers has been studied using FT-IR 278,279). The kinetics of the chemical reactions occurring with the coupling agent and the end groups of the PET fiber have been measured and the results extrapolated to a quantitative determination of the adhesive bonding during fabrication 278,279). 

It is often difficult to obtain satisfactory adhesion of rubbers of different compositions and types with metal. The amounts of sulphur and accelerators of various types influence adhesion. These must be chosen so that there is no under or over vulcanization. 

This method is often used for heavy mouldings. Inserts in a mould cavity tend to be displaced as they are positioned in an open mould. Often used for metal inserts. Better adhesion of rubber to metal or fabric is obtained. Specialty elastomeric compositions are to be designed to make high quality products. 

Degussa Technische Berichte, Adhesion of Rubber Compounds on Tex-... 

DIN 53531 parti Determination of adhesion of rubber to rigid material by the one plate method... 

DIN 53531 part 2 (conical ends) Determination of the adhesion of rubber to rigid materials using conical-ended cylinders... 

Functional properties and stability of rubbery materials Chapters 1, 3, 4, 7, 12 and 13, give examples of applications of spectroscopic techniques for the characterisation of thermal stability and degradation, kinetics of thermal decomposition, ageing, oxidation and weathering, self-diffusion of small molecules in rubbery materials, adhesion of rubbers to metals, fluid adsorption and swelling. 

Apparent tensile strength of tubular (pipe) products by the split disk method External loading characteristics of plastic pipe by parallel plate loading Compressive properties of plastics Adhesion of rubbers to metallic substrates (Procedure E1)... 

Rubbers are plasticized with petroleum oils, before vulcanization, to improve processability and adhesion of rubber layers to each other and to reduce the cost and increase the softness of the final product. Large quantities of these oil-extended rubbers are used in tire compounds and related products. The oil content is frequently about 50 wt% of the styrene-butadiene rubber. The chemical composition of the extender oil is important. Saturated hydrocarbons have limited compatibility with most rubbers and may sweat-out. Aromatic oils are more compatible and unsaturated straight chain and cyclic compounds are intermediate in solvent power. 

According to some workers, H bonds play a part in the formation of novolak resins (1929) and polyacrylic rubber (1829), and in the adhesion of rubber to rayon tire-cord (1125). Hydrogen bonds may be a factor in oil oxidation (149), which is of interest in the deterioration... 

IS 3400-5, Methods of Test for Vulcanised Rubbers Part 5 Adhesion of Rubbers to... 

The literature offers numerous examples of investigations of copolymers of vinylpyridines and N-vinylpyrrolidones and of their use in adhesive applications. For example, 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) has been grafted onto rubber and used in copolymers blended with rubber to improve the adhesion of rubbers to metals and other tire cord materials (2, 3, 4). Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) has very good adhesion to glass, metals, and various plastics and can be used to give improved adhesion between glass fiber and other plastics in glass fiber-... 

The quaternized DHA-4VP copolymers were very useful for promoting adhesion of rubber to polyester cord (Table VIII). The DHA-NVP copolymers were also tested as adhesion promoters for polyester-rubber composites. The... 

These copolymers have a wide range of possible applications. DHA-co-4VP and DHA-co-NVP copolymers are excellent for rubber-steel and rubber-polyester adhesive systems respectively. In addition, quaternized DHA-co-4VP copolymers promote strong adhesion of rubber to polyester tire cord in vulcanized composites. 

Beyond the particular process of cure in this case, the important problem which should not be neglected is the bonding of the rubber to the metal. This problem of adhesion of rubbers to metals is very weU covered in Reference [27] where a full description of the various tests is given. Another case of interest appears with the cure of a rubber when the cure is bound to various fabrics in order to get proofed materials such as hose. 

Alpha brass coating is used on steel to improve the adhesion of rubber to the steel. It reacts both with sulfur, producing zinc sulfide, and with the rubber. Organic cobalt compounds catalyze the reaction and necessitate high sulfur dosing. Resor-cin-formaldehyde-silica systems are an alternative. The brass layer is not needed if isocyanates are used as the adhesion promoter, although solvents are then required. Aqueous dispersions of chlorinated or sulfochlorinated polyethylenes cross-linked with polynitroso compounds offer an alternative [32]. 

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