Adhesion, microbes

P. Laurent, D. Tagu, D. De Carvalho, U. Nchls, R. De Beilis, R. Balestrini, G. Bauw, D. Inzc, P. Bonfante, and F. Martin, A novel class of cell wall polypeptides in PisoUthus tinctorius contain a cell-adhesion RGD motif and are up-regulated during the development of Eucalyptus globulus ectomycorrhiza. Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions (MPM ) 72 862-871 (1999). 

G. Stotzky, Influence of soil mineral colloids on metabolic processes, growth, adhesion and ecology of microbes and virus. Interaction of Soil Minerals and Natural Organics and Microbes (P. M. Huang and M. Schnitzer, eds). Special Publication Number 17, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wl, 1986, pp 305-428. 

Blomberg L., Henmiksson A. and Conway P.L. (1993). Inhibition of adhesion of Escherichia coli K88 to piglet ileal mucus by Lactobacillus spp . Appl Environ Microb, 59,34-39. 

Rosenberg, M., and Kjelleberg, S. (1986). Hydrophobic interactions Role in microbial adhesion. Adv. Microb. Ecol. 9, 353-393. 

Electric fields will not only impact microorganisms adhesion but will also affect their transport in porous media. As microbes are generally negatively... 

Many microbial infections and toxins are spread by biofilms. Biofilm formation occurs on virtually every surface, starting with the adhesion of planctonic cells or small dispersed biofilm fragments. Proliferation of the cells is accompanied by the expression of an extracellular polysaccharide-based matrix [6], The cells embedded in this matrix are well protected and up to 1000 times less susceptible to antibiotics [7], Once a biofilm is formed, it is extremely difficult to remove this contamination. Thus, all antimicrobial surfaces should prevent the primary attack [8], One class of antimicrobial surfaces prevents the primary attack by creating surfaces that are not sticky to microbial cells, i.e., they do not allow adhesion of these cells. The other major class of antimicrobial surfaces is based on the killing of approaching microbes (see Fig. 2). Interestingly, both approaches can be achieved either by permanent surface modifications or by releasing bioactive compounds. 

Besides the numerous synthetic and natural polymers that are suited for repelling microbes from surfaces (summarized in [8]), the negatively charged protein albumin can also reduce bacterial adhesion [30], Further, the nature of the surface-attached repelling polymer and its mechanical properties both seem to play a role in the attraction of microbes. This was demonstrated by Lichter et al., who investigated poly(allylammonium hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) multilayers and found that the stiffness of the coating positively correlated with the adhesion of E. coli. [31],... 

Although the release of biocides prevents microbes from active adhesion, surfaces still become clogged in heavily contaminated areas in marine environments, higher organisms such as mussels and barnacles additionally attach to the surface. 

Fig. 9 Example of a contact-killing and microbe-repelling surface, (a) Antimicrobial cationic polyW.iV-dimethyl-iVTethoxycarbonylmethyll-iV-P -tniethacryloyloxylethyll-ammonium bromide) left structure) effectively kills bacteria, (b) The polymer is converted into the corresponding nonfouling zwitterionic derivative (right structure) upon hydrolysis, (c) Dead bacteria remaining on the surface are repelled from the nonfouling surface, (d) The zwitterionic surface itself is highly resistant to bacterial adhesion. Reproduced and adapted from [136]...

Three main trends emerge from the data presented in Figure 6 (1). For both types of microbes, the bacteria and the yeasts, the adhesion of the hydrophobic cells is less strongly reduced. Apparently, hydrophobic interaction favours PEO-cell interaction. (2) The PEO brushes are less effective in repelling the... 

Alderkamp AC, Van Rijssel M, Bolhuis H (2007) Characterization of marine bacteria and the activity of their enzyme systems involved in degradation of the algal storage glu-can laminarin. FEMS Microb Ecol 59 108-117 Allison DG, Sutherland IW (1987) The role of exopolysaccharides in adhesion of fresh-water bacteria. J Gen Microbiol 133 1319-1327... 

Altering the properties of wood components for particular uses is another possible use of wood-decomposing microbes. As an example, in their attack on solid wood, brown-rot fungi leave a lignin residue that is enriched in phenolic hydroxyl groups (72, 130) such lignin might serve well in phenolic adhesives. 

As bacteria as well as many other microbes bind to carbohydrates which are displayed on the surface of their host and target cells to allow firm adhesion to the cell surface, inhibition of this carbohydrate-dependent adhesion process has been the goal of a concept named anti-adhesion therapy [164]. Eor the approach to treating microbial infection target-designed multivalent glycomimetics have been investigated in vitro [165,166,167,168,169,170,171]. 

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