Adhesion mechanical interlocking

Mechanical adhesion. Mechanical interlocking between the two substrates can also contribute to adhesion. This mechanism would function most effectively with fibers with rough surfaces and irregular or non-circular cross-sectional shapes. 

An inversion of these arguments indicates that release agents should exhibit several of the following features (/) act as a barrier to mechanical interlocking (2) prevent interdiffusion (J) exhibit poor adsorption and lack of reaction with at least one material at the interface (4) have low surface tension, resulting in poor wettabihty, ie, negative spreading coefficient, of the release substrate by the adhesive (5) low thermodynamic work of adhesion ... 

Many of these features are interrelated. Finely divided soHds such as talc [14807-96-6] are excellent barriers to mechanical interlocking and interdiffusion. They also reduce the area of contact over which short-range intermolecular forces can interact. Because compatibiUty of different polymers is the exception rather than the rule, preformed sheets of a different polymer usually prevent interdiffusion and are an effective way of controlling adhesion, provided no new strong interfacial interactions are thereby introduced. Surface tension and thermodynamic work of adhesion are interrelated, as shown in equations 1, 2, and 3, and are a direct consequence of the intermolecular forces that also control adsorption and chemical reactivity. 

Procedures for testiug asphalt shingles resistant to wind blowup/blowoff when appHed on low slopes in accordance with manufacturer instmctions. Shingles are Type I, factory-appHed adhesive (self-sealing shingles) and Type II, lock-type, with mechanically interlocking tabs (ears). 

The above discussion has tacitly assumed that it is only molecular interactions which lead to adhesion, and these have been assumed to occur across relatively smooth interfaces between materials in intimate contact. As described in typical textbooks, however, there are a number of disparate mechanisms that may be responsible for adhesion [9-11,32]. The list includes (1) the adsorption mechanism (2) the diffusion mechanism (3) the mechanical interlocking mechanism and (4) the electrostatic mechanism. These are pictured schematically in Fig. 6 and described briefly below, because the various semi-empirical prediction schemes apply differently depending on which mechanisms are relevant in a given case. Any given real case often entails a combination of mechanisms. 

Fig. 6. Four mechanisms of adhesion, (a) The adsorption mechanism (contact adhesion), (b) The diffusion mechanism (diffusion interphase adhesion), (c) The mechanical interlocking mechanism. (d) The electrostatic mechanism.

Regardless of which, or which combination, of the above mechanisms is responsible for adhesion in a given case, intimate molecular contact between the adhesive and adherend is required. This means that the contact angle of the liquid adhesive against the adherend surface should be as low as possible, and preferably 0°. For the case of contact adhesion, this is immediately evident, but in cases where mechanical interlocking is the primary mechanism for adhesion it is also the case because the adhesive must first be able to flow or wick into the pores of the... 

In recent years there has been a renewed appreciation of potential beneficial effects of roughness on a macroscale. For example Morris and Shanahan worked with sintered steel substrates bonded with a polyurethane adhesive [61]. They observed much higher fracture energy for joints with sintered steel compared with those with fully dense steel, and ascribed this to the mechanical interlocking of polymer within the pores. Extra energy was required to extend and break these polymer fibrils. 

The surface preparation must enable and promote the formation of bonds across the adherend/primer-adhesive interface. These bonds may be chemical (covalent, acid-base, van der Waals, hydrogen, etc.), physical (mechanical interlocking), diffusional (not likely with adhesive bonding to metals), or some combination of these (Chapters 7-9). 

The scale of the microscopic surface roughness is important to assure good mechanical interlocking and good durability. Although all roughness serves to increase the effective surface area of the adherend and therefore to increase the number of primary and secondary bonds with the adhesive/primer, surfaces with features on the order of tens of nanometers exhibit superior performance to those with features on the order of microns [9,14], Several factors contribute to this difference in performance. The larger-scale features are fewer in number... 

Adhesion, mechanical Bonding between two surfaces caused by interlocking action of molecules. 

The application of surface treatments to mbbers should produce improved wettability, creation of polar moieties able to react with the adhesive, cracks and heterogeneities should be formed to facilitate the mechanical interlocking with the adhesive, and an efficient removal of antiadherend moieties (zinc stearate, paraffin wax, and processing oils) have to be reached. Several types of surface preparation involving solvent wiping, mechanical and chemical treatments, and primers have been proposed to improve the adhesion of vulcanized SBR soles. However, chlorination with solutions of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) in different solvents is by far the most common surface preparation for mbbers. 

Solvent wiping. Rubbers tend to swell by application of solvents and the mechanical interlocking of the adhesive is favored. Although chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents are the most effective, they are toxic and cannot be used toluene and ketones are currently the most common solvents. The treatment with solvents is effective in the removal of processing oils and plasticizers in vulcanized mbbers, but zinc stearate is not completely removed and antiozonant wax gradually migrates to the mbber/polyurethane adhesive interface. Table 27.1 shows the moderate increase in adhesion produced in SBR by MEK wiping. 

Cyclization is generally very effective in improving the adhesion of TR and SBR to polyurethane adhesives. Rubbers treated with concentrated sulfuric acid yield a cyclized layer on the surface. This layer is quite brittle, and when flexed develops microcracks, which are believed to help in subsequent bonding by favoring the mechanical interlocking of the adhesive with the mbber. 

Mechanical adhesion. Cracks and pits are produced on the treated rubber surface which favor the mechanical interlocking with the adhesive. Eurthermore, unreacted solid prismatic TCI crystals on the treated rubber surface can be dissolved by the organic solvent into the adhesive, favoring the reaction with the adhesive. 

Adhesion between metallic/organic interfaces is facilitated by a combination of mechanical interlocking, chemical and physical bonding. Physical bonding alone cannot provide for durable, temperature resistant bonds, as van-der-Waals forces present between the metal surface and adhesive molecules are relatively weak. 

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