Adaptive routing

In most cases, communication lines establish steady, 24-hour connection between their endpoints. In order to increase reUability, and sometimes also for traffic load balancing reasons, alternative routes can be bmlt between the local area networks. If any of the lines is broken, the gateways can automatically adapt to the new, changing topology. Thus, the packets are continuously delivered by the alternative routes. Adaptive routing is possible at gateways, particularly for supporting 24 x 7 operation. It commonly occurs in the backbone of the Internet. 

Average bandwidth obtained with adaptive and static routing, shown as a fraction of the peak bandwidth measured for each case. InfiniBand with 4x single data rate was used for static routing, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet was used for adaptive routing. Data were obtained on a Linux cluster and represent average measured bandwidths for the Sandia Cbench Rotate benchmark. ... 

Dorigo, M., GambardeUa, L. Ant colony system a cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 1, 53-66 (1997) Ducatelle, F. Adaptive routing in ad hoc wireless multi-hop networks. Ph.D. thesis, Universit della Svizzera Italiana, Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi suU IntelUgenza Artificiale, Lugano (2007)... 

Ducatelle, F., Di Caro, G., GambardeUa, L. Principles and applications of swarm intelligence for adaptive routing in telecommunications networks. Swarm InteU. 4(3), 173-198 (2010)... 

STAR—Source-tree adaptive routing (Garci-Luna-Aceves, 1999). In STAR, each node keeps a source tree with the preferred paths to destinations. It uses the least overhead routing approach (LORA) to reduce the amount of routing overhead disseminated into the network. The reduction in the amount of messages is achieved by making update dissemination conditional to the occurrence of certain events. 

Dube, R., Rais, C., Wang, K., and Tripathi, S., Signal Stabihty Based Adaptive Routing (SSA) for Ad Hoc Mobile Networks, IEEE Personal Communication 4, vol 1, pp. 36-45,1997. 

This side reaction was deemed of interest because the byproduct 116 could potentially be used in an adapted route to the desired polyene pyrone 44, which would be shorter than the existing route used. This potential new route is outlined in Scheme 2.12. 

In conclusion, by rf-plasma fluorination the outmost surface of the hydrophilic anodized aluminium support is hydrophobized, or in other words, the hydrophilic support is converted into a support with hydrophobic properties, as shown in Figure 19.5. This conversion from a hydrophilic to a hydrophobic state is characterized by an increase of the contact angle measured on the surface, indicating an increase in the hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic ratio. The most adapted route to drastically switch from a pristine hydrophilic surface of porous alumina into a hydrophobic layer is clearly the C-C4F8 treatment. It has been shown... 

Heck olefmation [7] is considered as an exceptionally resourceful process among the palladimn catalyzed reactions and has been successfully employed as a powerful tool in industrial manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. In 1972, [8] Heck employed palladium catalyst in the preparation of stilbene from io-dobeneze and industrial styrene. Over the years, advances were made on Heck reaction in a perspective with ligand systems, providing sterocontrol and practically adaptable route to quaternary carbon centers. The Heck reaction includes palladimn catalyzed coupling of sp hybridized centers, for example. 

There are many ingenious and successful routes now developed for nanocry stalline syntliesis some rely on gas phase reactions followed by product dispersal into solvents [7, 9,13,14 and 15]. Otliers are adaptations of classic colloidal syntlieses [16,17,18 and 19]. Electrochemical and related template metliods can also be used to fomi nanostmctures, especially tliose witli anisotropic shapes [20, 21, 22 and 23]. Ratlier tlian outline all of tlie available metliods, this section will focus on two different techniques of nanocrystal syntliesis which together demonstrate tlie general strategies. 

Synthesis The early stages of this route are a well established method to make benzocyclohexanones the later stages are adapted from Johnson s Conessme synthesis ( J. 

The ceUulose polymer and its conversion routes have already proved to be capable of adaptation to meet a wide range of market demands. The advances being made in getting ceUulose into solution with minimal environmental impact augur weU for the development of streamlined routes from tree to fiber or fabric. 

Continuous processes and routes involving added pressure and shorter conversion times have been developed. The process may also be adapted either to add stabih2ers to reduce the final reactivity of the red P, or to ensure high reactivity such as for subsequent conversion to PH. ... 

The current paradigm for B syntheses came from the first report in 1957 of a synthesis of pyridines by cycloaddition reactions of oxazoles (36) (Fig. 5). This was adapted for production of pyridoxine shordy thereafter. Intensive research by Ajinomoto, BASF, Daiichi, Merck, Roche, Takeda, and other companies has resulted in numerous pubHcations and patents describing variations. These routes are convergent, shorter, and of reasonably high throughput. 

Several routes to 2,3-diketones have been reported. The most practical and general method is that of Ruzicka, Plattner and Furrer as adapted by Nace and Nelander for synthesis of the diosphenol corresponding to 5a-pregnane-2,3,20-trione (44) starting from 5a-pregnane-3,20-dione (40). The overall yield of diosphenol (44) by this route is 62% based on... 

Most oil companies offer a planned lubrication maintenance (PLM) service that will meet these requirements with the minimum of effort on the part of the customer. These schemes provide logical routing for the lubrication operative, balanced workloads and clear instructions to those responsible for specific tasks associated with lubrication and fault-reporting facilities. Many schemes are now designed for computer operation, which also accommodate plant and grade changes, operation costs and manpower planning. It is essential that any such scheme should be adaptable to individual requirements. 

The general route leading to lithium amidinates can also be adapted to prepare asymmetrically substituted derivatives as illustrated in Scheme 5. ... 

Hetero-fused 4/ -pyrans result from the cyclisation of 1,5-hydroxynitriles <96BSF229> and l,S-diketones <96HA567> the latter route can be adapted to give the corresponding thiopyrans. 

The polymerization of l,4-bis(halomethyl)benzenes to PPVs in the presence of a large excess of potassium f-butoxide is referred as the Gilch route [81]. The method was first described for the synthesis of unsubstituted PPV 60, but -unfortunately - this route produces the PPV as an intractable, insoluble powder. However, the adaptation of the Gilch route to the polymerization of l,4-bis(halo-methyl)benzenes possessing solubilizing side groups gives access to soluble PPV materials. 

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