Topological changes

As explained above, despite the fact that the interactions do not depend on the concentration, the diffuse intensity maps of Ala V and AtgC are very different. This behavior is in total contradiction with a mean field approach According to the Krivoglaz-Clapp-Moss formula", a minimum of V (c/) corresponds of a maximum of mean field approach cannot explain the topology changes observed in the diffuse intensity maps. 

In system 1, the 3-D dynamic bubbling phenomena in a gas liquid bubble column and a gas liquid solid fluidized bed are simulated using the level-set method coupled with an SGS model for liquid turbulence. The computational scheme in this study captures the complex topological changes related to the bubble deformation, coalescence, and breakup in bubbling flows. In system 2, the hydrodynamics and heat-transfer phenomena of liquid droplets impacting upon a hot flat surface and particle are analyzed based on 3-D level-set method and IBM with consideration of the film-boiling behavior. The heat transfers in... 

The second question, of which amino acid to use as a substitute, is perhaps more difficult to answer. There are a number of different strategies one can use (see Ward et al., 1990 for review) but, unfortunately, there are no set rules to predict the success of the substitution. It is critical to avoid any substitution that results in either a drastic topological change in the protein or a protein that can no longer be expressed but it is very difficult to predict the changes that might bring this about. One approach is to substitute individual... 

Even greater topological changes in GFP have been performed by random circular permutation (Graf and Schachman, 1996) in order to create new N- and C- termini for end-to-end fusion with other genes (Baird et al., 1999). Ten nontrivial fluorescent circular permutations of GFP were found that had altered pIQ values and orientation of the chromophore with respective to its N- and C-termini. The systematic identification of sites for circular permutation in GFP also identifies plausible sites for insertions of other proteins into GFP. This work speaks strongly about the potential of random circular permutation for protein... 

A chemical reaction can be viewed as a phenomenon dealing with molecular shape (topology) changes. Whether a particular reaction will take place will depend upon whether the product can fit within the space occupied by the reactant. The space occupied by the reactant is the reaction cavity. Since the boundaries of a reaction cavity are undefined in an isotropic solution, size matching of the reactant, products and the reaction cavity is not important in this medium. On the other hand, when the reaction cavity has a well-defined boundary, as in most organized assemblies (especially in solid state), size matching can become important and occasionally may even become the sole factor controlling the feasibility of a reaction (Fig. 8). 

Figure 1 Schematic illustration of the Fermi surface topology change from the hole-like of an unstrained film or single crystal (dashed line) to an electron like in a thin film grown under compressive strain (straight line) [13-15],...

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