Adam toxicity

Adams EM, Spencer HC, Rowe VK, et al. 1951. Vapor toxicity of trichloroethylene determined by experiments on laboratory animals. Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 4 469-481. 

Adams WJ, Ziegenfuss PS, Renaudette WJ, et al. 1986. Comparison of laboratory and field methods for testing the toxicity of chemicals sorbed to sediments. In Poston TM, Purdy R, eds. Aquatic toxicology and environmental fate, Vol. 9. American Society for Testing and Materials Special Technical Publication 921,494-513. 

Rhodes JE, Adams WJ, Biddinger GR, Robillard KA, Gorsuch JG (1995) Chronic toxicity of 14 phthalate esters to Daphnia magna and Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Toxicol Chem 14 1967-1976... 

Levins P, Adams J, Brenner P, et al. 1979. Sources of toxic pollutants found in influents to sewage... 

Adams, W.J. 1976. The Toxicity and Residue Dynamics of Selenium in Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Ph.D. thesis, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. 109 pp. 

Halter, M.T., W.J. Adams, and H.E. Johnson. 1980. Selenium toxicity to Daphnia magna, Hyallela azteca, and the fathead minnow in hard water. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24 102-107. 

This rule holds reasonably well when C or t varies within a narrow range for acute exposure to a gaseous compound (Rinehart and Hatch, 1964) and for chronic exposure to an inert particle (Henderson et al., 1991). Excursion of C or / beyond these limits will cause the assumption Ct = K to be incorrect (Adams et al., 1950, 1952 Sidorenko and Pinigin, 1976 Andersen et al., 1979 Uemitsu et al., 1985). For example, an animal may be exposed to 1000 ppm of diethyl ether for 420 min or 1400 ppm for 300 min without incurring any anesthesia. However, exposure to 420,000 ppm for lmin will surely cause anesthesia or even death of the animal. Furthermore, toxicokinetic study of fiver enzymes affected by inhalation of carbon tetrachloride (Uemitsu et al., 1985), which has a saturable metabolism in rats, showed that Ct = K does not correctly reflect the toxicity value of this compound. Therefore, the limitations of Haber s rule must be recognized when it is used in interpolation or extrapolation of inhalation toxicity data. 

To evaluate inhalation toxicity in situations where workers are exposed to various concentrations and durations of a drug vapor, aerosol, or powder in the work environment during manufacturing or packaging, a more comprehensive determination of E(COso or L(Ct)so values are used. The E(Ct)50 or L(Ct)so values are statistically derived values that represent the magnitude of exposure, expressed as a function of the product of C and t, that is expected to affect or kill less than 50% and more than 50% of the animals. The other curve represents exposures that kill 50% or more than 50% of each group of animals (Irish and Adams, 1940). 

Levins P, Adams J, Brenner P, et al. 1979. Sources of toxic pollutants found in influents to sewage treatment plants. VI. Integrated interpresentation. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Analysis Branch, Monitoring and Data Support Division. EPA 440/4-81- 008. NTIS No. PB81-219685. 

Adams, P.M., Hanlon, R.T., and Forsythe, J.W. Toxic exposure to ethylene dibromide and mercuric chloride effects on laboratory-reared octopuses, Neurotoxicol. TeratoL, 19(6) 519-523, 1988. 

Adams, W.J., Biddinger, G.R., Robillard, K.A., and Gorsuch, J.W. A summary of the acute toxicity of 14 phthalate esters to representative aquatic organisms, Environ. Toxicol Chem., 14(9) 1569-1574, 1995. 

Toxicity ofDietborne Metals to Aquatic Organisms Meyer, Adams, Brix, Lurnna, Stubblefield, Wood, editors 2005... 

Cardiovascular Effects. Inhalation and oral studies in humans and animals have not revealed any treatment-related histopathological lesions of heart tissue, or impairment of cardiac functions, even at dose levels causing severe liver and kidney damage (Adams et al. 1952 Stewart et al. 1961 Umiker and Pearce 1953). It is possible that high-level carbon tetrachloride exposure may produce cardiac arrhythmias by sensitization of the heart to catecholamines (Reinhardt et al. 1971). Accordingly, there is some concern for cardiovascular toxicity following substantial exposure to carbon tetrachloride. 

Reproductive Toxicity. The effects of carbon tetrachloride on reproduction have not been well investigated. Inhalation of carbon tetrachloride caused testicular degeneration (Adams et al. 1952) and reduced fertility (Smyth et al. 1936) in rats. Oral exposure to carbon tetrachloride did not adversely affect reproduction in rats (Alumot et al. 1976). Additional studies in animals using modern techniques and protocols for measuring adverse effects on reproductive parameters in males and females would be valuable. In order to be maximally useful, such studies should involve both oral and inhalation exposures, and should include a range of doses extending below those that cause frank parental injury. 

The ERA has calculated a subchronic oral reference dose (RfD) of 7x10 mg/kg/day for carblon tetrachloride based on a NOAEL of 1 mg/kg/day (converted to 0.71 mg/kg/day based on intermittent exposure) for rats in a 12-week study (Bruckner et al. 1986 ERA 1989b IRIS 1993). The critical effect was liver toxicity. A chronic oral RfD of 7x10 mg/kg/day was also calculated based on the same NOAEL used for the subchronic RfD. The ATSDR has calculated an acute inhalation MRL of 0.2 ppm based on a LOAEL of 50 ppm for liver effects in an acute 4-day rat inhalation study (David et al. 1981), and an intermediate inhalation MRL of 0.05 ppm based on a NOAEL of 5 ppm for liver effects in an intermediate-duration (187-192 days) inhalation study in rats (Adams et al. 1952). The ATSDR has also calculated an acute oral MRL of 0.02 mg/kg/day based on a LOAEL of 5 mg/kg/day over 10 days for liver effects in the rat (Smialowicz et al. 1991), and an intermediate oral MRL of 0.007 mg/kg/day based on a NOAEL of 1 mg/kg/day over 12 weeks (converted to 0.71 mg/kg/day based on intermittent exposure) for liver effects in the rat (Bruckner et al. 1986). 

Adams et al.l reported three hand injuries that resulted from accidental discharges of tear-gas guns at close range. Surgery was required In all three to alleviate pain and In two to remove wadding and other foreign material. All three patients suffered continuing pain and some loss of sensation, apparently from the toxic action of CN on nerves. 

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