Interface active

L. S. Shvindlerman, G. Gottstein, The compensation effect in thermally activated interface processes, to be published. 

The contract review activities, interfaces, and communication within the supplier s organization are coordinated with the purchaser s (clients) organization, as appropriate. 

The conditions and kinetic equations for phase transformations are treated in Chapters 17 and 20 and involve local changes in free-energy density. The quantification of thermodynamic sources for kinetically active interface motion is approximate for at least two reasons. First, the system is out of equilibrium (the transformations are not reversible). Second, because differences in normal component of mechanical stresses (pressures, in the hydrostatic case) can exist and because the thermal con-... 

The source terms in species conservation equation due to the electrochemical reactions also need to be added near the active interfaces which are given in terms of the transfer currents as... 

Interesting systems have been reported in which a (3-cyclodextrin monolayer has been immobilized on gold electrodes to act as an active interface for the... 

For a solution-processed active interface, in which either the gate dielectric material is deposited from solution on to a solution-processible semiconducting material or vice versa, it is critical to avoid dissolution or swelling effects during deposition of the upper layer, which can lead to interfacial mixing and increased interface roughness. The preferred approach to achieve this is to choose orthogonal solvents for the deposition of the multilayer structure [23]. 

Fig. 6.3. The optical field distribution in a ITO/PEDOT/PEOPT/C60/AI device based on different devices for 460 nm wavelength. The thickness of C60 was 20 nm (a), 35 nm (b), and 80 nm (c). The field at the active interface is maximum for 35 nm thickness and minimum for 80 nm thickness...

Equilibrium-restricted reactions (Section A9.3.3.1) have until now been the main field of research on CMRs. Other types of application, such as the controlled addition of reactants (Section A9.3.3.2) or the use of CMRs as active contactors (Section A9.3.3.3), seem however very promising, as they do not require permselective membranes and often operate at moderate temperatures. Especially attractive is the concept of active contactors where the membrane being the catalyst support becomes an active interface between two non-miscible reactants. Indeed this concept, initially developed for gas-liquid reaction [79] has been recently extended to aqueous-organic reactants [82], In both cases the contact between catalyst and limiting reactant which restricts the performance of conventional reactors is favored by the membrane. 

Katz, E., WiHner, B., and Willner, I. Light-controlled electron transfer reactions at photo isomerizable monolayer electrodes by means of electrostatic interactions Active interfaces for the amperometric transduction of recorded optical signals. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997, 22, 703-719. 

Fig. 10.8. Robotics-Fl approach to the determination of starch in foodstuff. (--------) Passive interface. (---) Active interfaces. PEC power and event controller, AP all-purpose hand, SH syringe...

Amatore, C. Oleinick A. Svir, I., Diffusion within nanometric and micrometric spherical-type domains limited by nanometric ring or pore active interfaces. Part 1 conformal mapping approach,./. Electroanal. Chem. 2005, 575, 103-123... 

In fluidized beds, bubbles form at the distribution plate or grid ports where fluidizing gas enters the bed (Figure 169).They form because the gas velocity at the interface to the bed represents an input rate that is larger than what can pass through the interstices with less frictional resistance than the bed weight. Therefore, holes are formed through whose porous surface the gas can enter the bed at the incipient fluidization velocity. This means that bubble formation is a way to increase the active interface between the gas and the particle bed. 

Charged monolayers have been successfully employed as active interfaces for controlling electron transfer at electrode supports [87, 88]. Negatively charged monolayers associated with electrodes have been shown to discriminate between the electrochemical reactions of a mixture of positively and... 

The performance of organic field-effect devices depends critically on the use of high-performance dielectrics that form active interfaces with low defect densities. 

Veres et al. have shown that the field-effect mobilities of amorphous PTAA [18] and other polymers are higher in contact with low-k dielectrics with 8 < 3 than dielectrics with higher k [19]. The latter usually contain polar functional groups randomly oriented near the active interface, which is believed to increase the energetic disorder at the interface beyond what naturally occurs due to the structural disorder in the organic semiconductor film resulting in a lowering of the field-effect... 

The LDL receptor is a key component in the feedback-regulated maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis [1]. In fact, as an active interface between extracellular and intracellular cholesterol pools, it is itself subject to regulation at the cellular level (Fig. 2). LDL-derived cholesterol (generated by hydrolysis of LDL-bome cholesteryl esters) and its intracellularly generated oxidized derivatives mediate a complex series of feedback control mechanisms that protect the cell from over-accumulation of cholesterol. First, (oxy)sterols suppress the activities of key enzymes that determine the rate of cellular cholesterol biosynthesis. Second, the cholesterol activates the cytoplasmic enzyme acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase, which allows the cells to store excess cholesterol in re-esterified form. Third, the synthesis of new LDL receptors is suppressed, preventing further cellular entry of LDL and thus cholesterol overloading. The coordinated regulation of LDL receptors and cholesterol synthetic enzymes relies on the sterol-modulated proteolysis of a membrane-bound transcription factor, SREBP, as described in Chapter 14. 

Fig. 1.7 Automation of the second stage of the analytical process (Type 4 analyser). Use of a microprocessor incorporated in a molecular absorption spectrometer to control its functioning through an active interface and an analogue-to-digital converter.

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