Actinidia

Allium cepa) [5], kiwi frait Actinidia deliciosa) [6], Bupleurum falcatum roots [7] and Arabidopsis thaliana [8]. 

Ileperuma NR, Marshall SDG, Squire CJ, Baker HM, Oakeshott JG, Russell RJ, Plummer KM, Newcomb RD, Baker EN (2007) High-resolution crystal structure of plant carboxyesterase AeCXEl, from Actinidia eriantha, and its complex with a high-affinity inhibitor paraoxon. Biochemistry 46 1851-1859... 

Jang DS, Lee GY, Lee YM, Kim YS, Sun H, Kim DH, Kim JS. (2009) Flavan-3-ols having a y-Lactam from the roots of Actinidia arguta inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products in vitro. Chem Pharm Bull 57 397-400. 

Polygonatum officinale Alb. (rhizome) Actinidia callosa Lindl. var. ruf. Makino D-glucose, L-arabinose and D-fructose 80... 

In the cyclopentanoid monoterpene family, compounds containing an iridoid-structure exhibit various bioactivities in Nature. For example, dehydroiridodiol, isolated from dry leaves of the cat-attracting plant Actinidia polygama Miq., is known to be an attractant for the male adults of the Chrysopidae and shows activity in amounts as small as lO"" pg [35]. Dehydroiridodial, a more oxidized product, was isolated as a pungent principle of Actinidia polygama Miq. and was characterized by T. Sakan et al. in 1978 [36]. 

Neonepetalactone, 61 (Fig. 1.2.3), a bioactive compound found to be quite attractive to cats [41], was isolated in 1965 from the leaves and galls of Actinidia polygama by T. Sakan et al. and its absolute configuration was determined in 1980 [41b]. As some syntheses of the racemic mixture or ex-chiral-pool syntheses had already been reported, we realized that our SAMP/RAMP hydrazone methodology would make it possible to develop a very short asymmetric synthesis of this bioactive 8-lactone. 

Some volatile iridoid monoterpenes with biological activity are also found in essential oils and in insect pheromonal and defensive substances. Eisner ( ) found that 17 species of insects were repelled by the iridoid monoterpene nepetalactone. Lacewings (Chrysopa septempunctata) are attracted by the leaves and fruits of Actinidia polyqama (Actinidiaceae) which contain a series of volatile iridoid monoterpenes (67). 

The kiwi fruit is a cultivar group of the species Actinidia deliciosa. More than 80 compounds have been identified in fresh and processed kiwi [137]. Methyl acetate, methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate and ( )-2-hexenal have the most prominent effect on consumer acceptability of kiwi fruit flavour [137-140]. The volatile composition of kiwi fruit is very sensitive to ripeness, maturity and storage period [138, 139]. Bartley and Schwede [140] found that ( )-2-hexenal was the major aroma compound in mature kiwi fruits, but on further ripening ethyl butanoate began to dominate. Ripe fruits had sweet and fruity flavours, which were attributed to butanoate esters, while unripe fruits had a green grassy note due to ( )-2-hexenal [140]. The most important character-impact compounds of kiwi fruits are summarised in Table 7.4. 

Key flavoru compounds Kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) Grapes (Vitis vinifera)... 

Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch ex Miq. A. chinensis Planch. A. japonica Nakai A. kolomikta (Maxim, ex Rupr.) Maxim. A. polygama (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch, ex Maxim. Mi Hou Tao (Kiwi) (whole plant) Matatabic acid, iridomyrmecin, actinidine, allomatatabiol, iridomyrmecin, neo-nepetalactone, dihydronepetalactol, matatabiether, isoneomatatabiol, matatabistic acid, neomatabiol, vitamin C, vitamin B.48>50>52 For esophageal and liver cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, arthralgia, urinary stones, fever. 

Actinidia arguta, A. chinensis, A. japonica, A. kolomikta, A. polygama... 

V. oreophilum, Vitex labrusca, V. agnus-castus Actinidia polygama Belamcanda chinensis Belamcanda chinensis Chaenomeles speciosa Lemna minor... 

Actinidia polygama, Citrus aurantium, Prunella vulgaris, Raphanus sativus, Sesamum indicum Avena sativa, Daucus carota, Hippophae rhamnoides, Rosa canina, R. damascena, R. gallica Lycium barbarum, Moms alba, Picrasma excelsa, Ribes nigmm Lycium barbarum... 

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