Acrylic acid industrial

Olson, J. D., Morrison, R. E., Wilson, L..C. (2008). Thermodynamics of hydrogen-bonding mixtures. 5. GE, HE, and TSE and zeotropy of water+acrylic acid. Industrial and Engineering... 

The significance of industrial acrolein production may be clearer if one considers the two major uses of acrolein—direct oxidation to acryUc acid and reaction to produce methionine via 3-methyhnercaptopropionaldehyde. In acryUc acid production, acrolein is not isolated from the intermediate production stream. The 1990 acryUc acid production demand in the United States alone accounted for more than 450,000 t/yr (28), with worldwide capacity approaching 1,470,000 t/yr (29). Approximately 0.75 kg of acrolein is required to produce one kilogram of acryUc acid. The methionine production process involves the reaction of acrolein with methyl mercaptan. Worldwide methionine production was estimated at about 170,000 t/yr in 1990 (30). (See Acrylic ACID AND DERIVATIVES AmINO ACIDS, SURVEY.)... 

A significant step towards commercial success came with a discovery in the late 1950s by E. Ulrich at 3M when he found that copolymerization of hydrogen bonding monomers, like acrylic acid with alkyl acrylates resulted in cohesively strong, yet tacky materials [63]. Since then, newer developments in such areas as polymer crosslinking, and the synthesis and copolymerization of new monomers, have led to a rapid penetration of acrylics throughout the PSA industry. 

An example of the contribution of polar interactions between an acrylic PSA and a substrate is shown in Fig. 6. By copolymerizing iso-octylacrylate and acrylic acid, using a monomer ratio of, respectively, 95/5 and 90/10, two otherwise identical PSAs were made. The PSAs were laminated to both sides of a foam core to make an attachment tape as used in the automotive industry for the application of body side moldings to a car. One side of the foam tape was laminated against an aluminum foil backing. The other side was laminated against an automotive paint-coated panel to make the final test sample. The test sample was allowed to... 

Polyacrylates are an industrially important class of polymers. The name polyacrylate is variously used to refer to polymers of acrylate esters [e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate)] as well as polymers of acrylic acids [e.g., poly(meth-acrylic acid)]. Because the former is organic soluble while the latter is not, chromatographic analysis of these two requires quite different conditions. This chapter discusses both types of polymers, separating their consideration when necessary. We will refer to both types of polymers as polyacrylates, letting the context indicate whether we are referring to an ester or to an acid polymer. 

Acrylic acid and its esters are used to produce acrylic resins. Depending on the polymerization method, the resins could he used in the adhesive, paint, or plastic industry. 

The enantioselective hydrogenation of a,fj- or / ,y-unsaturated acid derivatives and ester substrates including itaconic acids, acrylic acid derivatives, buteno-lides, and dehydrojasmonates, is a practical and efficient methodology for accessing, amongst others, chiral acids, chiral a-hydroxy acids, chiral lactones and chiral amides. These are of particular importance across the pharmaceutical and the flavors and fragrances industries. 

Specific design considerations for a few substances including acrylic acid, styrene, organic peroxides, ethylene oxide, and 1,3-butadiene are given in CCPS (1995) on the basis of an industiy-practice survey. Detailed information for other substances is distributed by industry... 

Emulsion paints are based on aqueous synthetic resin dispersions, which afford a lacquer-like paint film. The resin dispersions which are commonly used by the paint industry contain water as the carrier phase. A large number of such dispersions are available, based on different resins such as poly(vinyl acetate), which may be employed as a copolymer with vinyl chloride, maleic dibutyl ester, ethylene, acrylic acid esters, polyacrylic resin, and copolymers of the latter with various monomers, as well as styrene-butadiene or poly(vinyl propionate). These disper-... 

It is important to mention the pioneering work of Reppe and co-workers who discovered as early as 1938 the industrial preparation of acrylic acid by car-bonylation of acetylene [28]. The reaction was conducted at 200-230 °C and 100 bar of CO and catalyzed by Ni(CO)4 in the presence of a copper halide. Selectivity of 90 and 85% were reached in acrylic acid with regard to acetylene and carbon monoxide, respectively [29]. 

Union Carbide Corporation Toxicology Studies—Acrylic Acid, Glacial, 2 May. Union Carbide Corporation, New York Industrial Medicine and Toxicology Department, 1977... 

Feng YS, Chen PC, Wen FS et al (2008) Nitrile hydratase from Mesorhizobium sp F28 and its potential for nitrile biotransformation. Process Biochem 43 1391-1397 Wang CC, Lee CM, Wu AS (2009) Acrylic acid removal from synthetic wastewater and industrial wastewater using Ralstonia solanacearum and Acidovorax avenae isolated from a wastewater treatment system manufactured with polyacrylonitrile fiber. Water Sci Technol 60 3011-3016... 

One of the most important challenges in the modern chemical industry is represented by the development of new processes aimed at the exploitation of alternative raw materials, in replacement of technologies that make use of building blocks derived from oil (olefins and aromatics). This has led to a scientific activity devoted to the valorization of natural gas components, through catalytic, environmentally benign processes of transformation (1). Examples include the direct exoenthalpic transformation of methane to methanol, DME or formaldehyde, the oxidation of ethane to acetic acid or its oxychlorination to vinyl chloride, the oxidation of propane to acrylic acid or its ammoxidation to acrylonitrile, the oxidation of isobutane to... 

The polycomplexes obtained by template polymerization of methacrylic acid or acrylic acid in the presence of poly(N,N,N, N - tetramethyl-N-p-xylene-ethylenediammonium dichloride) were used for spinning of fine fibers 5 to 50 pm in diameter. The fibers are soluble in water but become stable after thermal treatment at about 80°C. The polycomplex with regular structure, obtained by template polymerization, is expected to be of considerable interest for textile industry. 

Industrial needs for brighter phosphors in the form of well-dispersed finer particles are ever increasing, for display with higher resolution. This became realistic after the reports of Bhargava et al. (12,13). In the authors laboratory, ZnS Mn was modified by acrylic acid (AA) to increase the photoluminescence (PL) intensity (14-18). In this section, methods and characteristic features of such nanocomposites are reproduced in detail. The mechanism of increasing PL intensity is also elucidated from various angles. 

Acrylic acid is used primarily as an intermediate in the production of acrylates, which, in turn, are used in the production of polymers for coatings, paints, adhesives, paper and textiles. Exposure to unreacted acrylic acid may occur among consumers. The present recommendation by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) for the threshold limit value (TLV) is 5.9 mg/m in workplace air. The previous TLV, before 1990, was 30 mg/m ... 

Acrylic Acid and Acrylates. Acrylic acid and acrylates may be produced commercially by the Reppe reaction of acetylene.76,184-187 However, the industrial significance of these processes has diminished since acetylene is no longer a viable source and was replaced by ethylene. Acrylic acid and acrylates are now produced by propylene oxidation (see Section 9.5.2). 

The industrial catalytic Reppe process is usually applied in the production of acrylic acid. The catalyst is NiBr2 promoted by copper halides used under forcing conditions. The BASF process, for example, is operated at 225°C and 100 atm in tetrahydrofuran solvent.188 Careful control of reaction conditions is required to avoid the formation of propionic acid, the main byproduct, which is difficult to separate. Small amounts of acetaldehyde are also formed. Acrylates can be produced by the stoichiometric process [Eq. (7.20)], which is run under milder conditions (30-50°C, 1-7 atm). The byproduct NiCl2 is recycled ... 

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