2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic

The GBR resin works well for nonionic and certain ionic polymers such as various native and derivatized starches, including sodium carboxymethylcel-lulose, methylcellulose, dextrans, carrageenans, hydroxypropyl methylcellu-lose, cellulose sulfate, and pullulans. GBR columns can be used in virtually any solvent or mixture of solvents from hexane to 1 M NaOH as long as they are miscible. Using sulfonated PDVB gels, mixtures of methanol and 0.1 M Na acetate will run many polar ionic-type polymers such as poly-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonic acids, and poly aniline/ polystyrene sulfonic acid. Sulfonated columns can also be used with water glacial acetic acid mixtures, typically 90/10 (v/v). Polyacrylic acids run well on sulfonated gels in 0.2 M NaAc, pH 7.75. 

Another way to improve the performance of open-tubular columns was suggested by Sawada and Jinno [83]. They first vinylized the inner surface of a 25 pm i.d. capillary and then performed in situ copolymerization of f-butylacryl-amide and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) to create a layer of polymeric stationary phase. This process does not currently allow good control over the homogeneity of the layer and the column efficiencies achieved in CEC separations of hydrocarbons were relatively low. These authors also recently thoroughly reviewed all the aspects of the open tubular CEC technologies [84]. 

On the other hand, cation-exchange monoliths based on GMA/EDMA monoliths have been realized by grafting with 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid or by modification of epoxy groups using iminodiacetic acid [62,63]. 

Although polymeric solvents have previously been prepared, they are usually based on pyridine, imidazole, or styrene and have the physical forms of a glass or a sticky rubber. Agents in the current application are liquids. Once dissolved poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid) oxyethylene ammonium salts, however, can be directly converted into fabrics. 

Preparation of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid oxyethylene ammonium salt... 

Equimolar amounts of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesufonic acid and freshly distilled tris[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-ethyl]amine were mixed under an inert atmosphere and stirred for 8 hours at ambient temperature or until 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic crystals dissolved. The monomer salt consisted of a slightly yellow viscous clear liquid. The salt monomer was used in the next step without further purification. 

Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid and isopropylhexafluor-oalcohol), (IV), was prepared by Khojasteh et al. (4) and used as a top antireflective coating and barrier layer for immersion lithography. 

Peters et al. [97] developed several monolithic chiral selectors based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (A -1. -valinc-3,5-dimethyIani Iidc) carbamate with ethylene dimethacrylate, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid, and butyl or glycidyl methacrylate and these chiral selectors were packed in capillaries. The developed CSPs were used for the chiral resolution of N(3,5-dinitrobcnzoyl) leucine diallylamide enantiomers. 

Fig. 6.2. Electrochromatographic separation of benzyl alcohol (1), resorcinol (2), methylparaben (3), and p-naphthol (4) using a soft gel column (Reprinted with permission from [27], Copyright 1998 Wiley-VCH). Conditions Column 48.5 cm (24 cm active) x 75 pm i.d., stationary phase 4.1% T, 9.7% C, 0.7% S poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid-co-N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-methylene bisacrylamide) mobile phase 20 80 acetonitrile and 2.5 mol/L phosphate buffer pH 6.8 16 kV.

Hoegger and Freitag [32] also prepared acrylamide-based monoliths using polymerization in aqueous solutions. However, their typical polymerization mixture contained a much higher concentration of monomers (up to 29%) including piperazine diacrylamide 111 (52% in respect to total monomers), dimethylacrylamide lfi, and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid 6 dissolved in an aqueous phosphate buffer pH 7. 

Fig. 6.21. Electrochromatographic separation of benzene derivatives on monolithic capillary column prepared by UV initiated polymerization. Conditions capillary column, 100 pm i.d. x 25 cm active length stationary phase poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethaciylate) with 0.3 wt. % 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid pore size, 296 nm mobile phase, 75 25 vol./vol mixture of acetonitrile and 5 mmol/L phosphate buffer pH 7 UV detection at 215 nm 25 kV pressure in vials, 0.2 MPa injection, 5 kV for 3 s. Peaks thiourea (1), benzyl alcohol (2), benzaldehyde (3), benzene (4), toluene (5), ethylbenzene (6), propylbenzene (7), butylbenzene (8), and amylbenzene (9).

Fig. 6.25. Effect of the percentage of 1-propanol in the porogenic mixture on the porous properties of monolithic polymers (Reprinted with permission from [64], Copyright 1998 American Chemical Society). Reaction conditions polymerization mixture ethylene dimethacrylate 16.00 wt.%, butyl methacrylate 23.88 wt.%, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid 0.12 wt.%, ternary porogen solvent 60.00 wt.% (consisting of 10 wt.% water and 90 wt.% of mixtures of 1-propanol and 1,4-butanediol), azobisisobutyronitrile 1 wt.% (with respect to monomers), polymerization time 20 h at 60°C.

Consistent with our previous findings using systems consisting of butyl methacrylate, ethylene dimethacrylate, and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid [54,64,72], the column efficiency of quinidine-functionalized monolithic capillaries again clearly depends on the pore size. Fig. 6.30 illustrates that this holds for chiral monoliths prepared by either thermal or UV initiation [60], As previously found for the reversed phase separations of alkylbenzenes, the effect of pore size on the separation of enantiomers is also rather complex and subtleties of these effects remain to be explored in more detail. 

Fig. 6.33. Scanning electron micrograph of a capillary column packed with 5 pm ODS silica beads and entrapped in porous poly(methyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate-co-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid). (Reprinted with permission from [63]. Copyright 2000 American Chemical Society).

Peters et al. reported on rod-CEC on a chiral monolith [50] which was prepared by copolymerization of the chiral monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (A -L-valine-3,5-dimethylanilide) carbamate with ethylene dimethylacrylate, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid and butyl or glycidyl methacrylate in the presence of a porogenic solvent. The electrochromatographic enantiomer separation of 7V-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine diallylamide was feasible at 25 kV the inlet and outlet buffer vials were both pressurized. 

Viklund C, Svec F, Frechet JMJ, and Irgum K. Fast ion-exchange HPLC of proteins using porous poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monoliths grafted with poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid). Biotechnol. Prog. 1997 13 597. 

WSP used in this work were 2.5% w/v aqueous solution of poly (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid) (poly-AMPS) for cation separations and 5% w/v solution of poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) for anion separations. 

Monomers 4VP, 4-vinylpyridine NIPAAm, jV-isopropylacrylamidc AA, acrylic acid PEGMA, poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate SPE, MAI-dimethyl-AW2-methacryloyloxycthyl-/V-0-sulfopropyl)amm<>-nium betaine AMPS, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid qDMAEMA, quaternary 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate St, styrene HEMA, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate HEA, 2-hydro-xyethyl acrylate DMAEMA, 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate MAA, methacrylicacid NaSS sodium p-styrene sulfonate AC, [(2-acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethyl ammonium chloride GMA, glycidyl methacrylate NVP, jV-vinylpyrrolidone MAn, maleic anhydride BVE n-butyl vinyl ether AAm, acrylamide DEAAm, MA-diethylacrylamidc DMAAm, MA -dimethylacrylamidc MMA, methyl methacrylate. 

Later, the same group developed what they call a hybrid microdevice as an alternative to quartz microchips. This device consisted of a short, fiised-sihca capillary column containing a 2.8-cm long polymer gel prepared from acrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS), and allyl- -cyclodextrin as crosslinker. This capillary was set in a groove on a polyvinyl chloride support plate that included sample reservoirs, electrodes, and a sht for on-tube UV-detection. In addition, a ball lens was mounted beneath the detection sht to focus the UV beam. Gel electrophoresis and electrochromatography were then performed in this system. For example, several alkyl phenones were separated in the electrochromatographic mode in less than 200 s. The suggested separation mechanism was related to interactions between the hydrophobie cavity of the P-eyelodextrin and the analytes. However, no direet evidence for this meehanism was presented. 

N. J. Pinto, P. Carrion, and J. X. Quinones, Electroless deposition of nickel on electrospun fibers of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid doped polyaniUne, Mater. Set Eng. A, 366, 1-5 (2004). 

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