Acids Trityl perchlorate

Carbonyl compounds are reduced to symmetrical ethers, probably by way of reduction of some of the starting material to a silyl ether (9), reaction to form the mixed ketal (10) and then reductive replacement of the silyloxy group. Some hydrocarbon may be obtained as a by-product by reduction of (9 Scheme 4). Among the acid partners that have been used are trifluoroacetic acid, trityl perchlorate (with aldehydes) and electrogenerated protons. With Nafion resin symmetrical ethers are obtained from aldehydes, but silyl ethers are obtained from ketones. ... 

Although trityl perchlorate is used to accomplish the glycosidation of the C-8 hydroxyl in 44 with acetoxy glycoside 49, control experiments have demonstrated that no reaction takes place in the presence of 4 A molecular sieves or 2,6-di-terf-butylpyridine. This observation suggests that the actual catalyst is not trityl perchlorate, but perchloric acid. Consistent with this conclusion is the observation that catalytic amounts of a strong Brpnsted acid such as triflic or perchloric acid can catalyze the glycosidation of 44 with 49 in the absence of trityl perchlorate. 

During the past decades, the scope of Lewis acid catalysts was expanded with several organic salts. The adjustment of optimal counter anion is of significant importance, while it predetermines the nature and intensity of catalytic Lewis acid activation of the reactive species. Discovered over 100 years ago and diversely spectroscopically and computationally investigated [131-133], carbocations stiU remain seldom represented in organocatalysis, contrary to analogous of silyl salts for example. The first reported application of a carbenium salt introduced the trityl perchlorate 51 (Scheme 49) as a catalyst in the Mukaiyama aldol-type reactions and Michael transformations (Scheme 50) [134-142]. 

The reactions proceeded efficiently under mild conditions in short time. The silyl enol ethers reacted with the activated acetals or aldehydes at -78 °C to give predominant erythro- or threo-products [136, 137] respectively. In the same manner, the aldol reaction of thioacetals, catalyzed by an equimolar amount of catalyst, resulted in <-ketosulfides [139] with high diastereoselectivity. In the course of this investigation, the interaction of silyl enol ethers with a,]3-unsaturated ketones, promoted by the trityl perchlorate, was shown to proceed regioselec-tively through 1,2- [141] or 1,4-addition [138]. The application of the trityl salt as a Lewis acid catalyst was spread to the synthesis of ]3-aminoesters [142] from the ketene silyl acetals and imines resulting in high stereoselective outcome. 

The same approach allows preparation of various pyrylium carboranes from the corresponding 4/f-pyran carboranes 174a,b and 175b by the action of acetyl perchlorate,245 perchloric acid,244 and triarylamine radical cation salts,244,245 as well as electrochemically.243 The oxidation of condensed 4H-pyran 345 with trityl perchlorate, 2,3,5,6-tetra-substituted 4f/-pyrans 431 and 153 with tropylium tetrafluoroborate or 153 with heterocyclic salt 393 led to useful preparations of pyrylium salts 394,330 395a,359 and 395b,360 respectively. 

Bis-4,4 -pyrylium salts 214 (R = r-Bu, Ph) were obtained from trityl perchlorate with 163b,c221 or perchloric acid with spirocyclic 4//-pyran 18.52... 

The 1-benzothiopyrylium salts are best prepared from the easily accessible thiochroman-4-one [Eq. (35)].6,51,52,302-304 The common dehydrating agents include potassium hydrogen sulfate8 and phosphorus pentoxide51,302-304while sulfuryl chloride/perchloric acid51,302-304 and trityl perchlorate 6 have been useful as hydride extractors. Another method involves the cyclization of /1-ketosulfides (e.g., 81) or j8-arylthio-acroleins (82) with perchloric acid [Eq. (36)].305,306... 

Allyltributyltin, 10 Vinyltrimethylsilane, 343 Homoallylic ethers Allyltrimethylsilane, 11 Crotyltrimethylsilane, 86 Trityl perchlorate, 339 Homopropargylic alcohols Allenylboronic acid, 36 D imethoxy [ 1 -trimethylsilyl-1,2-buta-dienyljborane, 218 Lithium acetylide, 44 Triisopropoxy[l-(trimethylsilyl)-l,2-buta-dienyl]titanium, 218 Hydroperoxides Oxygen, singlet, 228 Hydroxy acids a-Hydroxy acids... 

Trialkylaluminums, 204 Trichloroisopropoxytitanium, 300 Triisobutylaluminum, 205 Trimethylaluminum, 205 Trityl perchlorate, 339 Trityl tetrafluoroborate, 301 Zinc bromide, 349 Zinc chloride, 44, 108, 181, 190, 349 Zinc iodide, 88, 112, 280, 349, 350 Zirconium(IV) acetylacetonate, 351 Zirconium(IV) chloride, 16 Zirconium(IV) isopropoxide, 311 Other Organic and Inorganic Acids Acetic acid, 45 Benzoic acid, 312 Camphor-10-sulfonic acid, 62, 64 Formic acid, 137... 

The treatment of 27/-tellurachromene with an equimolar amount of trityl perchlorate in trifluoroacetic acid leads to tellurachromylium perchlorate 60 obtained in low yield (86KGS1570 88KGS1050) (see Section II,H,1). 

Triphenyl-1,3-dithiole (233) (Rj = R2 = R3 = C6H5) has been converted into the corresponding salt by means of trityl perchlorate.24 On the other hand, the 4,5-dicyano derivative (236) [which was first prepared by Bahr et al.li8 from carbon disulfide and ammonium cyanide by spontaneous desulfurization of the salts of cyanodithio-formic acid (235), followed by ring closure with diiodomethane] is stable towards various oxidizing agents. The ease of oxidation of 233 to 234 is probably dependent on the same structural factors which govern the preparation of dioxolenium salts from 1,3-dioxolanes.149... 

Aceto(carbonyl)cyclopentadienyl(tri-phenylphosphine)iron. 3-Acylthiazolidine-2-thiones. Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titana-cyclobutanes. Bromomagnesium diisopro-pylamide. Cerium(III) chloride. Dichloro-phenylborane. Dimethylphenylsilyllithium. Ethylene chloroboronate. Ketene bis(trimethylsilyl)ketals. Mandelic acid. Norephedrine. Potassium fluoride-Alumina. (S)-(—)-Proline. Tetra-n-butylam-monium fluoride. Tin(IV) chloride. Tin(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate. Titanium(IV) chloride. Tri-n-butyltin fluoride. Trityl perchlorate. 

After Dauben s observation that trityl perchlorate produced 9-phenylfluorene upon day-li t exposure van Tamelen and Cole systematically studied the photolysis of the trityl ion in various acidic media with visible light from a medium-pressure mercury... 

Simflar experiments were carried out a few years later by Kagiya et al. In this interesting study, a series of alkyl and aryl perchlorates were prepared in situ in bulk styrene and their relative activity as initiators assessed at 0°C rT)utyl perchlorate was found to be by far the most active catalyst and trityl perchlorate the least effective. No termination was detected in these processes. Other esters were also tried and their activity followed approximately the strength of the parent acid. Although these systems were too complicated to allow detafled mechanistic studies, mainly because the synthesis of the initiator proceeded alongside the polymerisation itself, they certaiidy provided furtha support for the pseudocationic theory, considering the very low polarity of the medium. 

For example, treatment of di-O-acetyl-L-rhamnal 26 with silylated pyrimidine or purine bases in the presence of a mild acidic catalyst (trityl perchlorate) afforded 2,3-unsaturated pyra-nosyl nucleosides, as a mixture of a,/3-anomers 27 (with the / -anomer predominating) [37]... 

Heterocycles Acetylacetone. N-Aminophthalimide. Boron trichloride. Dichloro-formoxime. Oicyanodiamide. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Dietboxymethyl acetate. Diethyl oxalate. Diketene. Dimethylformaniide diethylacetal. Diphenyldiazomethene. Ethyl ethoxy-methylenecyanoacetate. Formaldehyde. Formamide. Formamidine acetate. Formic acid. Glyoxal. Hydrazine. Hydrazoic acid. Hydroxylamine. Hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid. Methyl vinyl ketone. o-Phenylenediamine. Phenylhydrazine. Phosphorus pentasullide. Piperidine. Folyphosphoric acid. Potassium diazomethanedisulfonate. Sodium ethoxide. Sodium nitrite. Sodium thiocyanate. Tetracyanoethylene. Thiosemicarbozide. Thiourea. Triethyl orthoformate. Tris-formaminomethane. Trityl perchlorate. Urea. Vinyl triphenyl-phosphonium bromide. 

Dehydrooenation 1,4-Benzoquinone. Chloranil. o-Chloranil. Copper chromite. Copper-Chromium oxide. Diethyl azodicarboxylate. 2,3-Dichloro-3,6-dicyano-I,4-benzoquinone. DIphenylpIcrylhydrazyl, N-Lithioethylenediamlne. Mercuric acetate. Nickel catalyst. Oleic add, Palladium. Perbenmic acid. Potassium l-butoxide. Pyrldinium hydrobromide per-bramlda, Balinlum. Selenium dioxide. Sodium borohydride. Sulfdr (sm 1,2-Naphthalic anhydridli preparation). Tetracyanoethylene. Thionyl chloride. Trityl perchlorate. 

Acetals and ketals are exceptionally good electrophiles for allylsilanes, often giving better yields than the corresponding aldehyde or ketone, because the products are less prone to further reaction. Typically the reactions are catalyzed by stoichiometric amounts of titanium tetrachloride in dichloromethane at -78 °C, and the regiospecific reaction is complete in a few minutes (Scheme 37). Other Lewis acids used are boron trifluoride etherate, tin(IV) chloride and, in catalytic amounts, trimethylsilyl tri-flate, - trityl perchlorate and montmorillonite clays. With the unsymmetrical acetal (53), the meth-oxyethoxy group departs selectively (Scheme 38), presumably because it chelates the Lewis acid. ... 

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