Acids oxalic acid

Crystallizes from water in large colourless prisms containing 2H2O. It is poisonous, causing paralysis of the nervous system m.p. 101 C (hydrate), 189°C (anhydrous), sublimes 157°C. It occurs as the free acid in beet leaves, and as potassium hydrogen oxalate in wood sorrel and rhubarb. Commercially, oxalic acid is made from sodium methanoate. This is obtained from anhydrous NaOH with CO at 150-200°C and 7-10 atm. At lower pressure sodium oxalate formed from the sodium salt the acid is readily liberated by sulphuric acid. Oxalic acid is also obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of citric acid and by the oxidation of carbohydrates with nitric acid in presence of V2O5. 

The reaction usually proceeds with explosive violence and a better method of preparation is to heat, gently, moist crystals of ethane-dioic acid (oxalic acid) and potassium chlorate(V) ... 

In acidic solution, the degradation results in the formation of furfural, furfuryl alcohol, 2-furoic acid, 3-hydroxyfurfural, furoin, 2-methyl-3,8-dihydroxychroman, ethylglyoxal, and several condensation products (36). Many metals, especially copper, cataly2e the oxidation of L-ascorbic acid. Oxalic acid and copper form a chelate complex which prevents the ascorbic acid-copper-complex formation and therefore oxalic acid inhibits effectively the oxidation of L-ascorbic acid. L-Ascorbic acid can also be stabilized with metaphosphoric acid, amino acids, 8-hydroxyquinoline, glycols, sugars, and trichloracetic acid (38). Another catalytic reaction which accounts for loss of L-ascorbic acid occurs with enzymes, eg, L-ascorbic acid oxidase, a copper protein-containing enzyme. 

With a knowledge of the pH at the stoichiometric point and also of the course of the neutralisation curve, it should be an easy matter to select the appropriate indicator for the titration of any diprotic acid for which K1/K2 is at least 104. For many diprotic acids, however, the two dissociation constants are too close together and it is not possible to differentiate between the two stages. If K 2 is not less than about 10 7, all the replaceable hydrogen may be titrated, e.g. sulphuric acid (primary stage — a strong acid), oxalic acid, malonic, succinic, and tartaric acids. 

The addition of various Kolbe radicals generated from acetic acid, monochloro-acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, oxalic acid, methyl adipate and methyl glutarate to acceptors such as ethylene, propylene, fluoroolefins and dimethyl maleate is reported in ref. [213]. Also the influence of reaction conditions (current density, olefin-type, olefin concentration) on the product yield and product ratios is individually discussed therein. The mechanism of the addition to ethylene is deduced from the results of adsorption and rotating ring disc studies. The findings demonstrate that the Kolbe radicals react in the surface layer with adsorbed ethylene [229]. In the oxidation of acetate in the presence of 1-octene at platinum and graphite anodes, products that originate from intermediate radicals and cations are observed [230]. 

Sulfuric acid 70% Sulfuric acid 85% Sulfuric acid 10% Hydrochloric acid 33% Hydrochloric acid 37% Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen chloride gas 50% Formic acid 98% Formic acid 70% Acetic acid Oxalic acid ... 

PVA can be crosslinked with a crosslinker present in a molar concentration, relative to monomer residues, of 0.01% to 1.0%. The crosslinker may be formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, maleic acid, oxalic acid, dimethylurea, polyacrolein, diisocyanate, divinyl sulfonate, or a chloride of a diacid [89-91]. 

Figure 17-11. Carbonic acids acetic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, benzoic acid, o-tolulic acid, and benzene tetracarboxylic acid.

An acidic-cure catalyst is added to the urea-formaldehyde resin before it is used as an adhesive. Ammonium chloride and ammonium sulfate are the most widely used catalysts for resins in the forest products industry. A variety of other chemicals can be used as a catalyst, including formic acid, boric acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, and acid salts of hexamethylenetetramine. 

Formic acid Oxalic acid Malonic acid Propionic acid n-Butyric acid Unknown... 

The oxidation of aqueous ethanedial to glyoxylic acid is inclined to induction periods and then runaway, cessation and renewed runaway, as the nitric acid is progessively added. Probably this is the same problem as with formic acid, oxalic acid (above). 

Glycolic Acid Glyoxalic Acid Oxalic Acid -... 

It has been reported that the cleavage of SAMP hydrazones can proceed smoothly with a saturated aqueous oxalic acid, and this allows the efficient recovery of the expensive and acid-sensitive chiral auxiliaries SAMP and RAMP. No racemization of the chiral ketones occurs during the weak acid oxalic acid treatment, so this method is essential for compounds sensitive to oxidative cleavage.393... 

NaPOj h2so4 NaOH Oxalic acid Oxalic acid ... 

Examples HCOOH, methanoic acid (formic acid) Me-COOH, ethanoic acid (acetic acid), Ar-COOH, benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid) oxalic acid (dicarboxylic acid, HOOC-COOH) malonic acid (HOOC-CH2-COOH)... 

The pentacoordinate silicon compounds 94,23 95,23 96-98,60 99,60,61100,61,62 101-103,60 104,61,62 105,62 106,62 and 10761,63 are monocyclic zwitterionic A5S7-silicates with an Si02FC2 skeleton. The chiral zwitterions each contain one bidentate diolato(2-) ligand that formally derives from 1,2-dihydroxy-benzene, salicylic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, benzohydroximic acid (tautomer of benzohydroxamic acid), 2-methyllactic acid, or (S)-mande-lic acid. 

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