Amides acids forming

Diisocyanates are highly reactive and readily available compounds. The diisocyanates and acids form amides with the liberation of carbon dioxide side reactions are possible as diisocyanates can also react with an amide group. 

Sn[N(TMS)2l2, A, A -carbonyldiimidazole (110, p. 1418), which behaves as in reaction 16-63, POCl3, °" TiCl4, ° molecular sieves,Lawesson s reagent (p. 1278), ° and (MeO)2POCl. ° Certain dicarboxylic acids form amides simply on treatment with primary aromatic amines. In these cases, the cyclic anhydride is an intermediate and is the species actually attacked by the amine. Carboxylic acids can also be converted to amides by heating with amides of carboxylic acids (exchange),sulfonic acids, or phosphoric acids, for example, ... 

Acids forming amides and an epoxide—derived, acetylated amino acid. 

The carbohydrate components of the glycolipid were fucose and galactose in approximately equimolecular amounts. Fatty acids, forming amide group with the sphingosine bases, were a mixture of normal and a-hydroxy fatty acids. Normal C16 0,C18 0 and 2-hydroxy C18 0 were the predominant fatty acids (Figure 12, Table 5). 

The standards shown have been the most commonly utilized although others such as nitric acid, form-amide, and potassium nitrate have also been reported [5]. 

The reaction commences at about 120° the carbamic acid formed decomposes immediately into carbon dioxide and ammonia. The latter may form the ammonium salt with unreacted acid the ammonium salt also reacts with urea at temperatures above 120° to yield the amide ... 

Reaction with ammonia and amines (Section 20 14) Acid an hydrides react with ammonia and amines to form amides Two molar equivalents of amine are required In the example shown only one acyl group of acetic anhydride becomes incor porated into the amide the other becomes the acyl group of the amine salt of acetic acid... 

Amides. Reaction of acryhc acid with ammonia or primary or secondary amines forms amides. However, acrylamide (qv) is better prepared by... 

Carboxylic acid hydiazides are prepared from aqueous hydrazine and tfie carboxylic acid, ester, amide, anhydride, or halide. The reaction usually goes poody with the free acid. Esters are generally satisfactory. Acyl halides are particularly reactive, even at room temperature, and form the diacyl derivatives (22), which easily undergo thermal dehydration to 1,3,4-oxadiazoles (23). Diesters give dihydtazides (24) and polyesters such as polyacrylates yield a polyhydrazide (25). The chemistry of carboxyhc hydrazides has been reviewed (83,84). 

As a dibasic acid, malic acid forms the usual salts, esters, amides, and acyl chlorides. Monoesters can be prepared easily by refluxing malic acid, an alcohol, and boron trifluoride as a catalyst (9). With polyhydric alcohols and polycarboxyUc aromatic acids, malic acid yields alkyd polyester resins (10) (see Alcohols, polyhydric Alkyd resins). Complete esterification results from the reaction of the diester of maUc acid with an acid chloride, eg, acetyl or stearoyl chloride (11). 

Defoamers (qv) are available in several forms, composed of many different materials. Historically, paste and soHd defoamers were used extensively. Composed of fatty acids, fatty amides, fatty alcohols, emulsifiers (and mineral oil [8012-95-1] in the high soflds paste emulsions), these defoamers required emulsification (brick) or dilution (paste) before use. Liquid defoamers have become the preferred form, insofar as concern about handling and ovemse have been overcome. 

Some of these compounds show antibacterial activity. Reduction gives 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanols which react with organic acids to form amides that, on further heating, cyclize to imidazolines (6). For example, the diamine obtained by reducing (1) reacts with an organic acid (R"COOH) to give... 

Acylation. Aromatic amines react with acids, acid chlorides, anhydrides, and esters to form amides. In general, acid chlorides give the best yield of the pure product. The reaction with acetic, propionic, butanoic, or benzoic acid can be catalyzed with phosphoms oxychloride or trichloride. 

MDA reacts with acid anhydrides to form amides. In the reaction with maleic anhydride both of the amino hydrogens are replaced to form the imide, A[,Ar-(methylenedi-/)-phenylene) dimaleimide [1367-54-5]... 

Chemical Properties. Like neopentanoic acid, neodecanoic acid, C2QH2QO2, undergoes reactions typical of carboxyHc acids. For example, neodecanoic acid is used to prepare acid chlorides, amides (76), and esters (7,11,77,78), and, like neopentanoic acid, is reduced to give alcohols and alkanes (21,24). One area of reaction chemistry that is different from the acids is the preparation of metal salts. Both neopentanoic acid and neodecanoic acid, like all carboxyHc acids, can form metal salts. However, in commercial appHcations, metal salt formation is much more important for neodecanoic acid than it is for neopentanoic acid. 

Esters are most commonly prepared by the reaction of a carboxyHc acid and an alcohol with the elimination of water. Esters are also formed by a number of other reactions utilizing acid anhydrides, acid chlorides, amides, nitriles, unsaturated hydrocarbons, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and esters (via ester interchange). Detailed reviews of esterification are given in References 1—9. 

Triazole has been prepared by the oxidation of substituted 1,2,4-triazoles, by the treatment of urazole with phosphorus pentasulfide, by heating equimolar quantities of formyl-hydrazine and formamide, by removal of the amino function of 4-amino-l,2,4-triazole, by oxidation of l,2,4-triazole-3(5)-thiol with hydrogen peroxide, by decarboxylation of 1,2,4-triazole-3(5)-carboxylic acid, by heating hydrazine salts with form-amide,by rapidly distilling hydrazine hydrate mixed with two molar equivalents of formamide, i by heating N,N -diformyl-hydrazine with excess ammonia in an autoclave at 200° for 24 hours, and by the reaction of 1,3,5-triazine and hydrazine monohydrochloride. ... 

Reaction with ammonia and amines (Section 20.14) Acid anhydrides react with ammonia and amines to form amides. 

This amide is readily prepared from the acid chloride (Pyr, rt, 1 h, 77-86% yield) or the acid (DCC, DMAP, CH2CI2, rt, 1 h, 88% yield). Treatment of the amide with camphorsulfonic acid forms an A-acylindole. The acid can be regenerated from the A-acylindole by Li0H/H202/THF/H20 or NaOH/MeOH. Alternatively, it can be transesterified with MeOH/TEA, converted to an amide, by heating with an amine or converted to an aldehyde by DIB AH (62-85% yield). ... 

It was found inadvisable to use more than four molecules of form-amide [ (47) when R = H] per molecule of anthranilic acid and the condensation produces best results when the mixture is heated at 120 -130°C for 2 hr followed by further heating at 170°-180 C for 2 hr. Other variants of this reaction involve the use of ammonium o-acylaminobenzoates, anthranilic acid in the presence of nitriles and acetic anhydride, o-acetamidonitrile with acetic anhydride or hydrogen peroxide, anthranilic esters and aliphatic or aromatic amides or amidines, isatoic anhydride with amides or amidines, and anthranilic esters with aryl iminochlorides in acetoned The mechanism proposed by Bogert and Gotthelf has had experimental supporR and is represented in Scheme 12. 

Such an easy isomerization of acetylenylbenzoic acid amides implies the formation of a five-membered nonaromatic ring condensed with the pyrazole ring. However, the pyrazole analog of o-iodobenzamide (amide of 4-iodo-l-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid) formed under heating with CuC=CPh in pyridine for 9 h only the disubstituted acetylene in 71 % yield is identical in all respects to the compound obtained from the corresponding acid by successive action of SOCI2 and NH3 (90IZV2089) (Scheme 126). 

The chemistry of acid anhydrides is similar to that of acid chlorides. Although anhydrides react more slowly than acid chlorides, the kinds of reactions the two groups undergo are the same. Thus, acid anhydrides react with water to form acids, with alcohols to form esters, with amines to form amides, and with UAIH4 to form primary alcohols. Only the ester and amide forming reactions are much used, however. 

Basic hydrolysis occurs by nucleophilic addition of OH- to the amide carbonyl group, followed by elimination of amide ion (-NH2) and subsequent deprotonation of the initially formed carboxylic acid by amide ion. The steps are reversible, with the equilibrium shifted toward product by the final deprotonation of the carboxylic acid. Basic hydrolysis is substantially more difficult than the analogous acid-catalyzed reaction because amide ion is a very poor leaving group, making the elimination step difficult. 

Their value as building blocks to make proteins stems from the fact that amino acids can join together into long chains by Forming amide bonds between the -NH2 of one amino acid and the -C02H of another. For classification purposes, chains with fewer than 50 amino acids are often called peptides, while the term protein is used for larger chains. 

B. Methylenedi(nitro form amide). Abs nitric acid (19ml) is added dropwise with stirring to a suspension of 5 g of crude me thylenedi form amide in 19ml of acet anhyd at 10—15°, the soln held... 

Heat Test. Loss 1st 48 hrs 0,07% loss 2nd 48 hrs 0.00% explosion in 100 hrs none Hygroscopicity. % wt gain at 30°, 90% RH trace Vacuum Stability Test, cc/40 hrs at 90° none 100° none 120° 0.11 Sand Bomb Test (200g). 16.3 g sand Sensitivity to Initiation. Minimum detonating charge, g LA 0.20 Tetryl 0.25 Solubility. g/lOOcc solvent in water at 100° 0.10 NB at 150°, <15. Sol in acet ac, nitric acid, caustic potash v sol in dimethyl form-amide insol in ethyl ale, benz, butyl acetate, CC14 ethyl ether (Ref 6)... 

Sulphoxides with -carboxylic acid or amide groups are converted, in nearly quantitative yields, to the sulphone whilst other acids and amides did not show oxidation. In the cases where oxidation did occur, the acid group was converted to the acid chloride (equation 31) whilst the amide was converted to the nitrile (equation 32). These results indicate that neighbouring-group participation in the case of carboxylic acids and amides occurs only when a five-membered intermediate is formed. In the case of hydroxyl groups, four-, five-or six-membered intermediates are favourable. 

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