Acid sizing

The identification of anionic polyfacrylic acid) sizes can be carried out by staining with a fluorescent cationic dye (Cl Basic Orange 14) followed by spectroscopic measurement of excitation wavelength and fluorescence emission [195,196]. Such methods can also be used (with Cl Basic Orange 14 or Cl Basic Red 1) to detect and estimate carboxymethylcellulose, poly(vinyl alcohol) and starch derivatives [197]. 

Monolayers prepared from arachidic acid Size-quantified CdS particulate films generated in situ under monolayers... 

Grizzi, I., Garreuau, H., Li, S., and Vert, M. (1995). Hydrolytic degradation of devices based on poly(dl-lactic acid) size dependence. Biomaterials, 16, 305-311. 

Paper and Paper Coatings. Ultramarine pigments are used to enhance the hue of white paper or for colored paper. They can be added directly to the paper pulp, or used in applied coatings. When added to the pulp, acid-resistant grades must be used if acid-sizing is employed. They are particularly suitable for colored paper for children s use. 

Reemtsma,T.,These, A., Springer, A., and Linscheid, M. (2008). Differences in the molecular composition of fulvic acid size fractions detected by size-exclusion chromatography—On fine Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR-) mass spectrometry. Water Res. 42, 63-72. 

Comparison of Figs. 3 and 4 reveals that alcohol chain length exerted more influence on ester yield than the acid carbon size. For alcohol size varying from C5 to C8, conversion was lower than 40%, and for acid size from C4 to Cl6, similar esterification yields (60-80%) were found. These results may reflect both the intrinsic selectivity of the enzyme and different accessibility of substrates to enzyme active site (22). 

Again, in considering the price to be paid for paper, it is vital that the correct comparisons are made. If a standard commodity grade of neutral/alkaline sized paper, made in large tonnages, meets the required specification for permanence, it should clearly cost no more than the corresponding acid sized paper. Even if it does not meet a set permanence specification, it is very likely to be considerably better in this respect than the acid sized grade it has replaced. 

The above NMR methods and labelling strategies can be applied to large membrane proteins and their complexes (systems beyond the <100 amino acid size typical for targets of complete structure determination) to yield structural and mechanistic information. Selected examples are discussed below to illustrate how solid-state NMR can test proposed models for structures and mechanisms in complex membrane protein systems. 

Separate both samples, along with a radiolabeled nucleic acid size standard, on a high-percentage polyacrylamide gel and expose to film. The radioactive bands present on the gel will indicate the region on the DNA that was protected by the polymerase. 

Colorfastness to Acids and Alkalis. In wear, the garment probably would have come in contact with atmospheric contaminants and with dust. A.A.T.C.C. Test Method 6-1975, Colorfastness to Acids and Alkalis, is designed to test a fabric s color reaction to acid fumes, applied alkaline or acid sizings, alkaline cleansing agents, and alkaline street dirt. All of these factors have been noted earlier as possible contributors to color change. 

Modified polyacrylic acid size for continuous filament nylon. Prevents the build-up of electrostatic charge during rebeaming on warper/sizer systems. Minimises contamination due to fly waste when weaving staple yarn weft into filament wraps. 

Figure 10. Cylindrical internal reflectance (CIR) infrared spectra of humic and fiilvic acid size fractions A) 3K-1K molecular weight and B) 100-30K molecular weight isolated from water samples from Lake Bradford, Florida. The major bands are assigned as 1) C=0 asymmetrical stretch, 2) metal-bonded carboxyl asymmetrical stretch, 3) free carboxyl asymmetrical stretch, 4) carboxyl sym metrical stretch, and 5) C-C stretch.

Molecular size can be a further limiting factor in oral absorption [51]. The Lipinski s rule-of-5 proposes an upper limit of MW 500 as acceptable for orally absorbed compounds [136]. High molecular weight (MW) compounds tend to undergo biliary excretion. High MW is a necessary but not sufficient condition for biliary excretion. Substrates of the excretion transporters must also be anionic, that is, resemble the natural substrates, which are biliary acids. Size and shape parameters are generally not measured but rather calculated. A measured property is the so-called cross-sectional area, which is obtained from surface activity measurements [52]. 

H. Iwasaki, T. Itani, M. Fujimoto, and K. Kasama, Acid size effects of chemically amplified negative resist on lithographic performance, Proc. SPIE 2195, 164 172 (1994) U. Schedeli, N. Miinzel, H. Holzwarth, S.G. Slater, and O. Nalamasu, Relationship between physical properties and lithographic behavior in a high resolution positive tone deep UV resist, Proc. SPIE 2195, 98 110 (1994). 

Willey, 1980 Baker Silicic Acid size fractionate to remove <5 y, heat to lOOO C for 1 hour 0.9% NaCl + 0.1% NaHCOj 8.2 7.7 + 0... 

Chem. Descrip. Pigment black 7 CAS 1333-86-4 EINECS/ELINCS 215-609-9 Uses Dye for beater applic. to acid-sized papers, esp. where high lightfastness is required, for neutral or alkaline-sized papers where a cationic retention mechanism is used, and as colorant for coatings and deco printing inks... 

Alginic acid s-Amyl acetate Bayberry (Myrica cerifera) wax Beeswax s-Butyl acetate C12-18 acid triglyceride Carboxymethylcellulose sodium Casein Cellulose acetate Ethylene/MA copolymer Milk protein Perchloroethylene Polyvinyl alcohol Sodium silicate Starch Styrene/MA copolymer Tristearin sizing compounds Calcium bromide Sodium borate sizing ingredient, paper Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride Rosin Sodium stearate Stearic acid sizing paper Dextrin... 

---