Acid rock

There are numerous variations of the wet process, but all involve an initial step in which the ore is solubilized in sulfuric acid, or, in a few special instances, in some other acid. Because of this requirement for sulfuric acid, it is obvious that sulfur is a raw material of considerable importance to the fertilizer industry. The acid—rock reaction results in formation of phosphoric acid and the precipitation of calcium sulfate. The second principal step in the wet processes is filtration to separate the phosphoric acid from the precipitated calcium sulfate. Wet-process phosphoric acid (WPA) is much less pure than electric furnace acid, but for most fertilizer production the impurities, such as iron, aluminum, and magnesium, are not objectionable and actually contribute to improved physical condition of the finished fertilizer (35). Impurities also furnish some micronutrient fertilizer elements. 

Figure 1.47. REE patterns of the fresh volcanic rocks in the Kuroko mine area. Data source Dudis et al. (1983). (a) basalt (b) acidic rocks (Shikazono, 1999a).

Figure 1.58. Relationship between Ba + concentration and temperature of geothermal waters and hydrothermal solution experimentally interacted with rocks (AR acidic rocks, BR basic rock) (Shikazono, 1988c).

The Kishu deposit, located at middle Honshu, is associated with Kumano acidic rocks intruded into the Shimanto and Kumano formations. K-Ar age determination indicates that the activity of Kumano acidic rocks occurred at middle Miocene (14 1... 

Nabetani, A. (1981) Hydrothermal alteration of acidic rocks in southeast district of Okayama Prefecture, southwest Japan. Unpub. Master Thesis, U. Tokyo. 

In buffered surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding, it was found that the minimum in interfacial tension and the region of spontaneous emulsification correspond to a particular pH range, so by buffering the aqueous pH against changes in alkali concentration, a low interfacial tension can be maintained when the amount of alkali decreases because of acids, rock consumption, and dispersion [1826]. 

So-called "wormholes" can be formed when the injected acid primarily enters the largest diameter flow channels in carbonate rock further widening them (107). Acid only invades the small flow channels a short distance greatly reducing treatment effectiveness. High fluid loss rates, low injection rates, and reduced rates of acid-rock reactions decrease the wormhole length. 

Acid fracturing, friction reducers, 15 Acid hydrolysis, lignin, 173 Acid injection into carbonate reservoir, 610-611 Acid-rock reactions, rate, 15,16 Add wormholing in carbonate reservoirs, 608-620 in carbonate rocks, 610-611 Acidity-controlled redox reactions, 141-142 Addization... 

Cobalt is the 30th element in the earth s crust with an average of 20-30 mg/kg (Bowen, 1979 Vinogradov, 1959). Ultrabasic rocks and their metamorphized serpentines contain 100-200 mg/kg Co, followed by basic igneous rocks (30-45 mg/kg), while acid rocks have the lowest Co... 

Sherlock, E. J., R. W. Lawrence and R. Poulin, 1995, On the neutralization of acid rock drainage by carbonate and silicate minerals. Environmental Geology 25, 43-54. 

Day, S.J., Hope, G., Kuit, W. 1997. Waste rock management planning for the Kudz Ze Kayah project, Yukon Territory 1. Predictive Static and Kinetic Test Work. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage. Vancouver, I, 81-98. 

Lapakko, K.A. White, W.W.III. 2000. Modification of the ASTM 5744-96 kinetic test. Proceedings from the 5th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage. Littleton, 631-639. 

Sapsford, D.J., Bowell, R.J., Dey, M., Williams, K.P. 2009. Humidity cell tests for the prediction of acid rock drainage. Minerals Engineering, 22, 25-36. 

The composition of the inflow water to the debris fan, natural acid-rock drainage of pH 2.5-3, was computed by mass balances to be derived from the weathering of the following minerals ... 

Nordstrom, D.K. 2009. Acid rock drainage and climate change. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 100, 97-104. 

Ferguson, K.D. Morin, K.A. 1991. The prediction of acid rock drainage -Lessons from the data base. Second International Conference on the Abatement of Acidic Drainage, Montreal, Canada, 3, 83-106. 

Kwong, Y.T.J. 1993. Prediction and prevention of acid rock drainage from a geological and mineralogical perspective. MEND Report 1.32.1 CANMET, Ottawa, 47 p. 

Determination of neutralization potential in the prediction of acid rock drainage. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, Vancouver, 2, 449-464. 

Detailed interpretation of kinetic test data collected for environmental purposes has allowed criteria for ground and surface water geochemical exploration to be selected. Parameters predicted from kinetic testing to be anomalous in both ground and surface waters were observed to occur reflecting the presence of both molybdenum mineralization and natural acid rock drainage. Kinetic testing is very expensive and careful use of the acquired... 

Munk, L. Faure, G. Pride, D., Bigham, J. 2002. Sorption of trace metals to an aluminum precipitate in a stream receiving acid rock-drainage Snake River, Summit County, Colorado. Applied Geochemistry, 17, 421-430. 

Detectior limits Acidic rock Inter- mediate rook Basic rook Ultra- mafic rook Sand- stone Shale Carbo- nate Gneiss Leptite Amphi- bolite Meta- pelite Vlarble Alluvial plain soils Soils Stream Sedi- ments Shallo w sea Sed- iments... 

Acidic rock Inter- mediat e rock Basic rock Ultra- mafic rock Sand- stone Shale Carbo nate Gneis s Leptit e Amphi bolite Meta- pelite Marbl e Alluvia I plain soil Soil Stream sedimen t shallow sea edimen t... 

Pegmatites and other igneous acidic rocks, metamorphic rocks and Mn-rich clay deposits... 

Spatio-temporal geochemical dynamics of an acid rock drainage stream in the Yukon Territory implications for mineral exploration... 

Keywords SEDEX deposit, Yukon Territory, acid rock drainage, mineral exploration vectors, groundwater. 

But still there are some differences between those rocks the presence of rocks with normal alkalinity (they predominate in a group of acid rock varieties) in the described complex, low... 

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