Acid-neutralizing capacity United States

Figure 16. Outflow chemistry from two snowmelt seasons (1986 and 1987) at Emerald Lake, a high-elevation lake in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Maximum N03 concentrations are coincident with ANC minima during the early stages of snowmelt in 1986 and with a rain-on-snow event in 1987. Nitrate episodes are smaller in magnitude than at sites in the eastern United States, hut western lakes may he more susceptible to episodic acidification because they have a lower baseline acid-neutralizing capacity than most eastern lakes. (Reproduced with permission from reference 180. Copyright 1991 American Geophysical Union.)...

US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency TCLP Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure ANC Acid neutralizing capacity procedure... 

Petroleum Waxes. Waxes derived from petroleum are hydrocarbons of three types paraffin [64742 3 ] (clay-treated) semimicrocrystalline or intermediate and microcrystaUine [64742-42-3] (clay-treated). SemimicrocrystaUine waxes are not generally marketed as such (7). Others include acid-treated, chemically neutralized, and hydrotreated and paraffin and hydrocarbon waxes, untreated. The quaHty and quantity of the wax separated from the cmde oil depends on the source of the cmde oil and the degree of refining to which it has been subjected prior to wax separation. Petroleum waxes are produced in massive quantities throughout the world. Subject to the wax content in the cmde, paraffin and, to a substantially lesser degree, microcrystalline wax are produced in almost all countries of the world that refine cmde oil. Production capacity in the United States and imports for the years 1990 to 1995 are Hsted in Table 2. Canada suppHes over 50% of the petroleum wax imported into the United States (3). 

Crude southern US. tall oil contains 40%-55% resin acids, 40%-55% fatty acids, and 5%-10% neutral constituents. Distillation of Iton of southern CTO yields about 600 lb of fatty acids, 700 lb of rosin, and 700 lb of intermedite (i.e. distilled tall oil - fractions generally containing > 5% to < 90% fatty acids), head, and pitch fractions (Fig. 10.1.4). CTO from the northern United States and from Canada and other cold climate world sources frequently contains 20%-30% neutrals, resulting in yield and quality problems on distillation. United States fractionating capacity is nearly 1 million tons per year, about twice that of the rest of the world. 

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