Acetate/chloride ratio

Table II. Effect of Varying Acetate/Chloride Ratio on the Vinylation Reaction for Sodium Acetate System"...

Figure 1. Effect of acetate/chloride ratio on 1-acetate content of vinylation...

Table III. Effect on the Vinylation Reaction of Varying Acetate/Chloride Ratio for Calcium and Magnesium Acetate Systems...

All reactions run at 115°C. for 15 min. using NaOAc in HOAc. Acetate/Chloride Ratio, 2.45 product 100% hexenyl acetates. 

Picolyl ethers are prepared from their chlorides by a Williamson ether synthesis (68-83% yield). Some selectivity for primary versus secondary alcohols can be achieved (ratios = 4.3-4.6 1). They are cleaved electrolytically ( — 1.4 V, 0.5 M HBF4, MeOH, 70% yield). Since picolyl chlorides are unstable as the free base, they must be generated from the hydrochloride prior to use. These derivatives are relatively stable to acid (CF3CO2H, HF/anisole). Cleavage can also be effected by hydrogenolysis in acetic acid. ... 

Here AX is the acetyl compound (acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride), N is N-methylimidazole, I is the intermediate (presumably A -acetyl-A -methylimidazo-lium ion), X is the counterion (chloride or acetate), and ROH is the acetyl acceptor (alcohol or water). A general treatment of Scheme XXIII requires specification of the detailed nature of and k[ and is probably too complicated to be of practical use. However, several important special cases may arise from the operation of the ratio kxlk x, the behavior of apparent rate constants k /. and k, the relative magnitudes of k / and k, the relative concentrations of the reactants, the method of observation, and the nature of ROH. These cases are outlined in Scheme XXIV. 

Acetyl chloride 2-Chloro-1 -methylethyl acetate, 2-chloropropyl acetate 2-Chloroethyl acetate For EO content <30%, the ratio of chloroethyl acetate to total chloroethyl and chloropropyl acetates may be used to obtain percent of EO. A calibration is required for values of EO >30% [16]. 

Mobility of Ions in D20. The viscosity of liquid D20 at room temperature has a value 1,232 times the viscosity of H20. Since the D2O and HaO molecules are so similar in other respects, we should expect the mobility of ions dissolved in D20 to be smaller than in H20. The conductivity of potassium chloride and potassium acetate was measured in mixtures of D20 and H20 up to a composition containing 97 per cent of D20.1 The values for ions in D2O, given in Table 7, were obtained by extrapolation from values obtained in the mixed solvent containing a few per cent of H20. As was expected, the conductivity in D20 was found to be smaller than in H20. But the change was not quite so great as the change in the viscosity, as is shown by the ratios in the last column of Table 7. We must conclude that, for some or all of the ions, the... 

In general, chiral propanoates providing simple diastereoselectivity (in favor of yyn-aldols), combined with a reasonable degree of auxiliary-induced stereoselectivity, are rare. Numerous terpenoid- and carbohydrate-derived propionates do not display satisfactory syn selectivity60. Similarly, the titanium(IV) chloride promoted aldol addition of the following JV-metbylephe-drine derived silylketene acetal leads to the formation of the. mi-adduct in the moderate diastereomeric ratio of 78 22 (syn-adduct sum of the other stereoisomers)61. 

Q Chiral racemic y-alkyl-substituted enones the titanium(IV) chloride mediated addition of enol silanes and silylketene acetals to 7 shows high induced diastereoselection (diastereomeric ratios from 89 11 to more than 97 3) and the major isomer 8 results from addition of the enolsilane with ul topicity288. Re face attack on the S enantiomer of 7.)... 

Satchell476 also measured the first-order rate coefficients for dedeuteration of [4-3H]-anisole by acetic acid or acetic acid-hydrochloric acid media containing zinc and stannic chlorides (Table 128). The rates here paralleled the indicator ratio of 4-nitrodiphenylamine and 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline, so that the implication is that a linear relationship exists between log k and the unknown H0 values. The results also show the rate-enhancing effect of these Friedel-Crafts catalysts, presumably through additional polarisation of the catalysing acid, for in the absence of them, exchange between acetic acid and anisole would be very slow. Other studies relating to the effect of these catalysts are reported below (p. 238). 

Xylan-based micro- and nanoparticles have been produced by simple coacervation (Garcia et al., 2001). In the study, sodium hydroxide and chloride acid or acetic acid were used as solvent and non-solvent, respectively. Also, xylan and surfactant concentrations and the molar ratio between sodium hydroxide and chloride acid were observed as parameters for the formation of micro- and nanoparticles by the simple coacervation technique (Garcia et al., 2001). Different xylan concentrations allowed the formation of micro- and nanoparticles. More precisely, microparticles were found for higher concentrations of xylan while nanopartides were produced for lower concentrations of the polymer solution. When the molar ratio between sodium hydroxide and chloride acid was greater than 1 1, the partides settled more rapidly at pH=7.0. Regarding the surfactant variations, an optimal concentration was found however, at higher ones a supernatant layer was observed after 30 days (Garda et al., 2001). 

For the remaining three systems, styrene-vinyl acetate, vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride, and methyl acrylate-vinyl chloride, one reactivity ratio is greater than unity and the other is less than unity. They are therefore nonazeotropic. Furthermore, since both ri and 1/7 2 are either greater than or less than unity, both radicals prefer the same monomer. In other words, the same monomer—styrene, vinyl chloride, and methyl acrylate in the three systems, respectively—is more reactive than the other with respect to either radical. This preference is extreme in the styrene-vinyl acetate system where styrene is about fifty times as reactive as vinyl acetate toward the styrene radical the vinyl acetate radical prefers to add the styrene monomer by a factor of about one hundred as compared with addition of vinyl acetate. Hence polymerization of a mixture of similar amounts of styrene and vinyl acetate yields an initial product which is almost pure polystyrene. Only after most of the styrene has polymerized is a copolymer formed... 

Samples are hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid and stannous chloride solution at elevated temperature, and the evolved carbon disulfide is drawn with an air steam through two gas washing tubes in series containing lead acetate and sodium hydroxide solutions and an absorption tube containing an ethanolic solution of cupric acetate and diethanolamine. Lead acetate and sodium hydroxide remove hydrogen sulfide and other impurities. In the absorption tube, the carbon disulfide forms two cupric complexes of Af,Af-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dithiocarbamic acid with molecular ratios Cu CS2 of 1 1 and 1 2. These complexes are measured simultaneously by spectrophotometry at 453 nm. 

Determination of the catalytically active species derived from 1 in solution. Spectrophotoraetric titration of the backbone ligand 5 with copper(II) acetate in methanol revealed formation of a dinuclear copper(ll) complex species Cu2L.3h(OAc) above a 1 2 molar ratio. A mononuclear copper(ll) species CuL 2h (6) dominates at a 1 1 molar ratio of 5 and copper(ll) acetate. Control experiments for the assignment of putative structures based on the obtained spectroscopic data included a UVA is spectroscopic titration of 5 with anhydrous sodium acetate in the presence of copper(ll) chloride and revealed that acetate is necessary for the formation of a copper (11) complex in methanol. The composition of 1 in methanol is the same as determined by elemental analysis for the sohd state. 

Concentration limits for chloride and acetate in PN typically are linked to limitations for sodium and potassium. The usual ratio of chloride acetate in PN is about 1 1 to 1.5 1. Chloride and acetate primarily play a role in acid-base balance. Acetate is converted to bicarbonate at a 1 1 molar ratio. This conversion appears to occur mostly outside the liver. Bicarbonate never should be added to or coinfused with PN solutions. This can lead to the release of carbon dioxide and potentially result in the formation of calcium or magnesium carbonate (very insoluble salts). 

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