According to purpose

Depending on their objective, industrial analysers can be classified into safety or protection analysers, designed for the measurement of pollutants, and production line controllers, intended for the analysis for one or more components In a process line. The former In turn can be classified according to whether they are meant to control Industrial waste (gases or liquid efflu- 

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Classification of wastes may be according to purpose, distinguishing between defense waste related to military appHcations, and commercial waste related to civiUan appHcations. Classification may also be by the type of waste, ie, mill tailings, high level radioactive waste (HLW), spent fuel, low level radioactive waste (LLW), or transuranic waste (TRU). Alternatively, the radionucHdes and the degree of radioactivity can define the waste. Surveys of nuclear waste management (1,2) and more technical information (3—5) are available. 

Accuracy The closeness of agreement between a test result and the accepted reference value. Interlaboratory comparison (ILC) The organization, performance, and evaluation of tests on the same sample by two or more laboratories in accordance with predetermined conditions to determine testing performance. According to purpose, they can be classified as collaborative studies or proficiency studies. 

Bulk electrolysis methods are also classified according to purpose. For example, one form of analysis involves determination of the weight of a deposit on the electrode (electrogravimetry). In this case 100% current efficiency is not required, but the substance of interest must be deposited in a pure, known form. In coulometry, the total quantity of electricity required to carry out an exhaustive electrolysis is determined. The quantity of material or number of electrons involved in the electrode reaction can then be determined by Faraday s laws, if the reaction occurred with 100% current efficiency. For electroseparations, electrolysis is used to remove, selectively, constituents from the solution. 

In complex reaction systems, several stable products are produced by more than one reaction, and some of the products are not desirable. Selectivity is a measure of the extent to which the catalyst accelerates the formation of desired product(s) and is usually a function of the degree of conversion of reactant and reaction conditions, particularly temperature. A number of different definitions of selectivity are used according to purpose. 

Among the fundamental photophysical and photochemical processes, electron transfer has a high priority. Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins form one of the most promising series of chromophoric compounds for designing suitable redox systems as described above, since they have intense visible absorption bands and the can be varied by the substituents and the central metal ions. The redox properties are also easily regulated according to purpose. In recent intensive studies on electron transfer by various approaches from the viewpoints of theory. 

In principle, the approach of a TA study can be applied to all areas. If differentiation is according to purpose, which means according to the problem, the technology, or the project, the result is a TA typology which makes a distinction between problem-induced, technology-induced, and... 

Chapter 20 (Enols and Enolates) has been extensively revised and is much shorter. The new, more conceptual organization allows many synthetic reactions formerly treated independently according to purpose to be grouped efficiently according to mechanism. 

In petroleum refineries, hydrocracking processes are used to upgrade low value distillate feedstocks. The hydrocracking processes are classified into three groups according to purpose. The purposes and catalysts are as follows ... 

Contrast Sensitivity For monitoring purposes, a step wedge is to be used that consists of the same material as the workpiece. In addition, IQIs according to EN 462-1 or EN 462-2 - DIN wire penetrameters or step-hole IQIs - can be applied to ensure a comparability with radiography. 

In this section, we concentrate on the relationship between diffraction pattern and surface lattice [5], In direct analogy with the tln-ee-dimensional bulk case, the surface lattice is defined by two vectors a and b parallel to the surface (defined already above), subtended by an angle y a and b together specify one unit cell, as illustrated in figure B1.21.4. Withm that unit cell atoms are arranged according to a basis, which is the list of atomic coordinates within drat unit cell we need not know these positions for the purposes of this discussion. Note that this unit cell can be viewed as being infinitely deep in the third dimension (perpendicular to the surface), so as to include all atoms below the surface to arbitrary depth. 

Within the last decade or so, these three remarkable isomers of benzene (2-4) have been synthesized (with considerable difficulty). The purpose of this computer project is to obtain the energies, enthalpies, or Gibbs free energies of compounds (1-4) and rank them according to energy on a veilical scale with the highest at the top. 

The pore systems of solids are of many different kinds. The individual pores may vary greatly both in size and in shape within a given solid, and between one solid and another. A feature of especial interest for many purposes is the width w of the pores, e.g. the diameter of a cylindrical pore, or the distance between the sides of a slit-shaped pore. A convenient classification of pores according to their average width originally proposed by Dubinin and now officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry is summarized in Table 1.4. 

In a beam of ions separated in time according to m/z value, the total time taken for ions of different m/z values to arrive at a microchannel plate is so short (about 30 psec) that the spectrum appears to have been obtained instantaneously. Thus, for practical purposes, the array and microchannel plate collectors produce an instantaneous mass spectrum, even though the first detects a spatially dispersed set of m/z values and the second detects a temporally dispersed set. 

For the purposes of studying the rotational spectra of molecules it is essential to classify them according to their principal moments of inertia. 

Polymer systems have been classified according to glass-transition temperature (T), melting poiat (T ), and polymer molecular weight (12) as elastomers, plastics, and fibers. Fillers play an important role as reinforcement for elastomers. They are used extensively ia all subclasses of plastics, ie, geaeral-purpose, specialty, and engineering plastics (qv). Fillets are not, however, a significant factor ia fibers (qv). 

ButyUithium is available in hydrocarbon media, eg, hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, and toluene in several concentrations, eg, 15, 25, and 90 wt %. It is shipped commercially in 10-, 19-, 106-, 216-, and 454-L cylinders and 1900-L (500-gal) tanks and in bulk in 19,000-L (5,000-gal) tank tmcks and 30,300-L (8,000-gal) rail tank cars. For shipment purposes, / -butyUithium is described as a pyrophoric fuel and is classified as a flammable Hquid. As such, full precautions should be taken according to handling instmctions (100). 

From reactions 2—6, it can be seen that the addition of lime always serves three purposes and may serve a fourth. It removes, in order, COg, calcium carbonate hardness, and magnesium carbonate hardness (reactions 8, 9, and 10, respectively). Where magnesium noncarbonate hardness must be removed, the lime converts it to calcium noncarbonate hardness (reaction 6). Soda ash, then, removes noncarbonate hardness according to reaction 5. 

Count data, based on a random selection of individuals or items which are classified according to two different criteria, can be statistically analyzed through the distribution. The purpose of this analysis is to determine whether the respective criteria are dependent. That is, is the product preferred because of a particular characteristic ... 

According to KirehhofPs law, the emissivity and absorptivity of a surface in surroundings at its own temperature are the same for both monochromatic and total radiation. When the temperatures of the surface and its surroundings differ, the total emissivity and absorptivity of the surface often are found to be different, but, because absorptivity is substantially independent of irradiation density, the monochromatic emissivity and absorptivity of surfaces are for all practical purposes the same. The difference between total emissivity and absorptivity depends on the variation, with wavelength, of Zx and on the difference between the emitter temperature and the effective source temperature. 

The gross annual profit Acp in Table 9-36 is dependent on the balance-sheet annual depreciation charge Abd, whicm is not necessarily the same as the depreciation allowance used for tax purposes. Since Abd is arbitrarily chosen, it can be used to make the gross annual profit Agp high or low according to the company policy. 

Sampling is a statistically derived process—a small amount of material S is taken from a large quantity B for the purpose of estimating properties of B, If S is an accurate sample (or stated more correctly, is representative of B according to a defined statistical parameter), it is a suitable estimator for the properties of B,... 

For nomenclature purposes, substituents can be divided into those that are always cited as prefixes (e.g. chloro-, alkoxy-) and those which can be cited as either prefixes or suffixes e.g. oxo-/-one, carbamoyl-/-carboxamide). If any of the latter are present, the name will normally contain a suffix. However, only one kind of group can be cited as suffix, and this is chosen according to a strict order of priorities. The group thus selected is known as the principal characteristic group . 

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