Operator access areas

Note also that graphitic corrosion may occur preferentially in poorly accessible areas, such as the bottom of pipelines. Trouble-free service of cast iron components does not necessarily indicate that all is well, since components suffering severe graphitic corrosion may continue to operate until an inadvertent or intentional (e.g., pressuretesting) shock load is applied. At this point massive, catastrophic failures can occur. 

Clean tunnel A tunnel providing access of operators or production components from one clean area to another. 

Personnel access to operating areas through hardened tunnels with close control of entry/exit... 

The arrangement of the eqnipment, including piping and auxiliaries, shall be developed jointly by the purchaser and the vendor. The arrangement shall provide adequate clearance areas and safe access for operation and maintenance. 

Level III. Level III areas are classified as class 10,000 controlled access areas. These work zones include areas for operations involving bulk solution preparation, filtration, preparation of containers, closures and... 

Radiation dose to operating personnel and radioactivity releases to the environment are significantly less compared to PWRs [7]. It is thus possible to define a low target person-Sivert for LMFBR and to reduce the shielding in controlled access areas to enable cost reduction. 

The head access area (above the roof slab) and operation floor for fuel handling operations are prohibited for entry in normal operation because of the high radiation dose rate. The other areas can be entered by the use of proper shielding. 

X-ray equipment other than a fully shielded instrument may be operated only in a room enclosed on all sides and designated as an X-ray room. The controlled access area is defined as an area where persons can receive more than 15 mSv (1.5 rem) in a calendar year as whole-body exposure the corresponding figure for the monitored area is 5 mSv. 

Among possible combinations of nuclear fuel, coolant and energy conversion equipment for a NPP that is to operate in a remote and hard-to-access area, the combination of coated particle based graphite fuel elements and a molten salt primary circuit coolant based on Li, Na, Be, and Zr fluorides and a gas turbine unit for electricity generation may offer special advantages. 

The MARS reactor is designed for those remote and hard-to-access areas that are in need of electric power, heat and water but where power could not be received via electricity grids and where regular supply of fossil fuel is practically impossible. The major features of the MARS plant are, therefore, factory fabrication and fuelling of the complete reactor module, an operation without on-site refuelling, and simplified decommissioning. 

It is important to understand that most chemicals used in housekeeping, maintenance, operations, pest control, and cafeteria services can affect air qnality.Their use in the building should be properly managed. Material safety data sheets (MSDSs) are obtained from the manufacturers or distributors and should be on file in the bnilding where any potentially hazardous material is to be stored or used. MSDSs for all chemical products used should be kept in an easily accessible area for employee access. A master file should also be kept in the offices of the personnel responsible for the chemical s use. A building s population should not be subjected to unknown and potentially harmful effects of any material because of the absence of an MSDS. 

Where is your office Is it in an area associated with leadership In a separate building Cubicle In operations Is the safety office equipped to the same quality as other offices Is it in an accessible area or does its location act as an obstacle to employees needing to discuss a safety issue Is it adequate for the activities of the safety office Is it well organized with adequate file and storage areas ... 

All manual valves and valve operators shall be located in areas readily accessible to operating personnel. If valves are installed in areas of high radiation or other hazards they should be provided with extended stems or equivalent devices allowing actuation from a lower radiation area. Handwheels and chain or extension handle operators should be located at a reasonable height above either the floor or a permanently installed platform to allow easy operation. Piping ducts and valves should be located and marked such that the operators can easily identify the flow paths. Pipes or ducts that cross the normal and safety pathways should be at least 2 m above the floor. 

In the plant design stage, all rooms should be classified into planning zones on the basis of their likely dose rates, surface contamination levels and concentrations of airborne radionuclides. These zones constitute the controlled areas. The general practice is to divide the controlled areas of a nuclear power plant into three or more radiation and contamination zones, including zones that may not be accessible during operation. 

The ultrasonic controls section, shown in Figure 7, provides the means for the user to set the operating parameters for the inspection. The majority of the controls are direct equivalents of those found on a conventional ultrasonic flaw detecfor some additional controls are provided to give access to the special features of the CamuS system. The Controls area is sub-divided into three parts. 

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