Paris Academy of Science

S. Fennouh, S. Guyon, C. Jourdant, J. Livage, and C. Roux, eds, Encapsulation of bacteria, in Silica Gels, Vol. 2 (Translated). Comptes Rendus Academy of Sciences, Paris, p. 625 (1999). 

R. Daudel (European Academy of Sciences, Paris, France)... 

C. A. Coulomb, Essay on an Application of the Theory of Maxima and Minima to Some Problems of Statics Pertaining to Architecture, Memoirs on Mathematics and Physics, presented at the Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris, France, 1773 (pub. 1776). 

Gautheret, R.J. (1940). Nouvelles recherches sur le bourgeonnernent du tissu cambial d Ulmus campestris cultive in vitro. C. R. Academy of Science Paris, 210 744-746. 

JANUSZ STAFIEJ Department of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland JEAN BADIALI Structure et Reactivite des Systemes Interfaciaux, Universite P. et M. Curie, Paris, France... 

Mayer had married in 1842, and for the first few years his marriage was a vei y happy one, but then his life began to fall apart. Between May 1845 and August 1848 three of his children died. A nasty priority controversy with Joule became public when their claims were read and discussed by the Academy of Science in Paris. Mayer was upset that his writings on energy conservation were not more widely read, and that they often were not appreciated by the few scientists who did read them. And, as the final blow, he was accused by local scientists of being more a mad philosopher than a competent scientist. 

Physicists around the world gradually came to appreciate Mayer s scientific work, but by this time they were unsure whether he was still alive and, if so, what his mental condition was. In his later years he finally reaped some fruit from his scientific labors. In 1859 he received an honorai y doctorate from the University of Tiibmgen. This was followed in 1871 by his reception of the Copley Medal from the Royal Society of London, and then the Prix Poncelet from the Paris Academy of Sciences. It is unknown how appreciative Mayer was of this belated notoriety when he died of tuberculosis in 1878. 

Paris, France, Xanthan E was kindly provided by Dr. I. W. Sutherland, Edinburgh, Scotland. This work was partly supported by grant V6617 from The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. 

Although this was contrary to popular, and also scientific, belief at the time, the German physicist Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756-1827) postulated that rocks could in fact fall from the heavens. His statement was supported by eyewitnesses who had observed the descent of meteorites. In France, Jean Baptiste Biot (1774-1862) was able to convince the Academy of Sciences in Paris that they should revise the memorandum which they had published ten years previously and agree that the meteorite fragments which had been found could in fact have their origin in outer space. 

Scientific research in the field of phosphors is almost 140 years old. In 1866, the young French chemist Theodore Sidot prepared, by a sublimation method, tiny ZnS crystals that manifested phosphorescence in the dark.4 After the experiment was repeated and confirmed it was presented in a note to the Academy of Sciences of Paris the note was then published by Becquerel.5 From present knowledge of phosphors it seems likely that Sidot s ZnS contained a small quantity of copper as an impurity, and was the precursor for ZnS-type phosphors. 

The Academie Royale des Sciences was established in 1666 with fifteen members but no classes or sections. See Maurice Crosland, "The French Academy of Sciences in the Nineteenth Century," Minerva 16 (Spring 1978) 73102, on 75 and Oeuvres de Lavoisier, IV (Paris Imprimerie nationale, 1868) 559. A useful source for the Academy is the Index biographique de l Academie des Sciences, 16661978 (Paris Gauthier-Vi liars, 1979), and for the Academy in the nineteenth century, Maurice Crosland, Science Under Control The French Academy of Sciences 17951914 (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1992). 

This was the period during which Deville, Berthelot, Moissan, and other leading French chemists had persisted in the use of an outmoded chemical notation abandoned elsewhere. 16 By 1870 or so, the equivalent notation had disappeared in chemical journals outside France. French atomists sometimes used the tactics of the Sorbonne organic chemist Friedel, who wrote acetylene dichloride as C2H2C12 for the Berichte of the Berlin Chemical Society but C4H2C12 for the Comptes rendus of the Paris Academy of Sciences. 17... 

Letter from Christopher Ingold to Prevost, dated 29 July 1946 and a letter from the Secretary of the Nobel Committees of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences to Prevost, dated 16 January 16 1954. Copies of these letters were given to me by Constantin Georgoulis, who completed a doctoral dissertation at Paris in 1960 on the kinetic study of reaction schemas for allylic transpositions, under the direction of Prevost. Another of Georgoulis s teachers was Paul Job, cousin of Andre Job. 

Figure 3.14. (a) SEM image of a stainless steel surface with a conversion coating covered by TTF-TCNQ nanowires. TEM images of (b) a bundle of nanowires and (c) a loop. Reprinted from Comptes Rendues de I Academie des Sciences Paris, Sirie IIC, Chimie, Vol. 3, D. de Caro, J. Sakah, M. Basso-Bert, C. Eaulmann, J.- P. Legros, T. Ondarguhu, C. Joachim, L. Aries, L. Valade and P. Cassoux, 675-680, Copyright (2000), with permission from Elsevier. 

Guillaume-Franeois Rouelle, 1703—1770. Parisian apothecary. Former inspector-general of die pharmacy at the City Hospital. Demonstrator in chemistry at the Royal Botanical Garden. Member of the Royal Academies of Science of Paris and Stockholm and of the Electoral Academy of Erfurt. Born in the village of Mathieu two leagues from Caen September 16, 1703, died at Passy Aug. 3, 1770. (Translated from the French caption on the frame.) See also ref. (62). 

Robert Boyle stated in 1661, in his Sceptical Chymist, drat sal ammoniac is composed of muriatic (hydrochloric) acid and the volatile alkali (ammonia) and told how to separate the urinous and common salts (27). In 1716 Geoffroy the Younger demonstrated the composition of sal ammoniac and prepared it by sublimation (28, 29). In the same year, the Jesuit missionary Father Sicard described its preparation at Dam ire or Damayer, one mile from die City of El Mansura in the Nile Delta. In twenty-five large laboratories and several smaller ones, it was sublimed in glass vessels from die soot of die burned dung of camels and cows, to which, he said, had been added salt and urine. Lemere, the French consul at Cairo, described die process in 1719 for the Academy of Sciences in Paris, but made no mention of salt or urine (29, 30, 31). 

In 1702 Homberg stated m the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences at Paris that he had heated borax with a solution if iron vitriol (ferrous... 

Because of the practical importance of Hdfers discovery, the Academy of Sciences at Paris offered a prize for the best paper (a) on a chemical investigation of borax and sedative salt and the earth of crude East Indian borax (b) on the artificial preparation of borax or sedative salt or on a satisfactory substitute for borax, especially for soldering, and (c) on the discovery of natural sedative salt (boric acid) elsewhere than m the marsh of Monte Rotondo (107). 

Le Gal, X., Crovisier, J.-L., Gauthier-Lafaye, F., Honnorez, J. Grambow, B. 1999. Meteoric alteration of Icelandic volcanic glass long-term changes in the mechanism. Comptes Rendus de l Academie de Sciences, Paris - Serie Ila. Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes, 329, 175-181. 

From 1875 to 1895 J.D. van der Waals was a member of the Dutch Royal Academy of Science. In 1908, at the age of 71, J. D. van der Waals resigned as a professor. During his life J. D. van der Waals was honored many times. He was one of only 12 foreign members of the Academie des Sciences in Paris. In 1910 he received the Nobel prize for Physics for the incredible work he had done on the equations of state for gases and fluids—only the fifth Dutch physicist to receive this honor. J. D. van der Waals died on March 8, 1923 at the age of 85. 

Stahl also published a number of papers in the various journals of the time, hence his views on phlogiston were available in France to those who could read the German and Latin, often mixed, in which they were written. Let us now look to see how these ideas appeared among the chemists of the Paris Academy of Science. 

He received an honorary D.Sc. degree from Williams in 1939 and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1940. Other awards included the Katherine Berkham Judd prize for Cancer Research (1941), D. Pharm Honoris Causa, Universite de Paris (1953), Manufacturing Chemists Association Award for Teaching (1959), Norris Award for Teaching (1959), and the William H. Nichols Medal (1963). 

A century after Lavoisier s death the city of Paris finally erected a statue in his honor. But the sculptor made a grave error he modeled the head after a bust displayed in the Academy of Sciences that he believed was of Lavoisier it wasn t so, for the second time, the great scientist lost his head. Unfortunately even the wrong-headed statue no longer exists. During World War ii the invading German forces melted it down to make bullets. Thankfully, one monumental work of art still... 

Boerhaave s many experimental researches described in his textbook or in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, or the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences of Paris, show no discoveries that are in any sense epoch-making. By his experiments on the transmutation of metals he assisted materially in giving the death blow to the traditional belief, still more or less accepted by chemists of his time, that mercury was capable of being rendered a hard metal by long subjection to heat and that it was a constituent of other metals. He kept mercury for fifteen years at a warm temperature in an unsealed vessel, and for six months at high temperature in a sealed vessel, and distilled mercury five hundred times,... 

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