Absorption satellite

The assumption of a large crystal-field interaction for Pu5+ spectra makes it necessary to conclude that while certain aspects of earlier free-ion estimates (37) are valid, the "assignment" of free-ion states to observed absorption bands was premature. Much of the structure must be due to crystal-field components of many free-ion groups that overlap in energy or to vibronic satellites similar to those encountered in CS2UCI6 (33). Thus, while the present computations would agree with earlier work in interpreting the levels observed in... 

Because of the role these algae play in the oceans biological productivity and their impacts on climate due to the removal of carbon dioxide, satellite sensors have been employed to measure the chlorophyll a contents in oceans, lakes, and seas to indicate the distribution and abundance of biomass production in these water bodies. Detection is set at the specific reflectance and absorption wavelengths of the light from the upper layer of the ocean where photosynthesis occurs. 

Satellite astronomical observations remove the problems of the atmospheric absorption windows but require more sophisticated orbital spacecraft. Telescopes mounted on aircraft in part can achieve better results but state-of-the-art results are obtained from orbiting satellites. Probably the most successful satellite telescope for public... 

These results have motivated researchers to determine theoretically what information could be extracted from a future high spectral resolution X-ray satellite. For example, Ozel Psaltis (2003) show that if the redshift is estimated from the energy of minimum flux in the line (assuming the line is absorption-like), then substantial systematic errors are possible in the resulting inference of the compactness GM/Rc2 if the star rotates rapidly. Bhat-tacharyya, Miller, Lamb (2003, in preparation) have begun a systematic... 

Other constraints come from recent observations from X-ray satellites. Most robust seem the data from the low mass X-ray binary EXO 0478-676 obtained by Cottam et al. [37], From the redshifted absorption lines from ionized Fe and O a gravitational redshift z = 0.23 was deduced this gives rise to a mass-to-radius relation... 

Another approach is to obtain tropospheric ozone levels using satellite data as described in Chapter 13.C (e.g., see Fishman et al., 1990 and Munro et al., 1998). Vertical tropospheric ozone profiles can be extracted using satellite measurements of backscattered solar radiation at wavelengths where ozone has strong absorption bands. 

These weaker bands can have significant effects on the calculated outgoing infrared radiation. For example, Ho et al. (1998) show that much of the reported discrepancy between modeled outgoing long-wavelength radiation and satellite measurements can be attributed to not including weaker absorption bands due to C02 at 4.3 /xrn and 03 at 14 pm and the weaker O, lines located far from the center of the strong 9.6-pm band. 

Similarly, Chou et al. (1998) used measurements of surface radiative fluxes and satellite radiance data in the Pacific warm pool region to conclude that the effect of clouds was similar to that expected, i.e., that the excess absorption, if it exists, is small. 

Cess, R. D., M. H. Zhang, Y. Zhou, X. Jing, and V. Dvortsov, Absorption of Solar Radiation by Clouds Interpretations of Satellite, Surface, and Aircraft Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23299-23309 (1996b). 

In the paper of Brato2, Had i and Sheppard [9] some papers are mentioned dealing with the infrared absorption spectra in which such satellites have been observed. The frequency differences of the latter and the fundamental 0—H band are about 200-100 cm"1 which corresponds to the frequencies of the intermolecular vibrations. It should be pointed out that on the basis of thermodynamics. Harford [10] has obtained for the hydrogen bond frequency a value of the order of approximately 200 cm-1. 

We used short broadband pump pulses (spectral width 200 cm 1, pulse duration 130 fs FWHM) to excite impulsively the section of the NH absorption spectrum which includes the ffec-exciton peak and the first three satellite peaks [4], The transient absorbance change signal shows pronounced oscillations that persist up to about 15ps and contain two distinct frequency components whose temperature dependence and frequencies match perfectly with two phonon bands in the non-resonant electronic Raman spectrum of ACN [3] (Fig. 2a, b). Therefore the oscillations are assigned to the excitation of phonon wavepackets in the ground state. The corresponding excitation process is only possible if the phonon modes are coupled to the NH mode. Self trapping theory says that these are the phonon modes, which induce the self localization. 

In acidic solution, where the dication (PH42+) of metal-free porphyrins is produced, the Soret band usually sharpens noticeably and is displaced to longer wavelength. Owing to the symmetrical nature of the -rr-cloud in the dication, its satellite bands simplify to give two major peaks, with minor absorptions giving rise to shoulders (Figure 3a). Symmetry... 

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